Master key medical entomology concepts with our essential tables. Perfect for Year 2 Parasitology students, these resources simplify complex insect vectors and
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE BMM 3101: PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY C.A.T 1 (50 marks) --- Q1. Define the following terminologies (3 marks) i. Zoophilic Vectors that prefer feeding on animal blood rather than human blood. ii. Endophagic Vectors that prefer feeding indoors (inside buildings/houses). iii. Fomite Non-living objects capable of transmitting infectious pathogens from one host to another. --- Q2. With examples, outline five (5) medical importances of arthropods (10 marks) 1. Biological vectors of disease - Transmit pathogens that multiply/develop in them - Example: Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria; tsetse flies transmit sleeping sickness 2. Mechanical vectors - Carry pathogens on body parts without pathogen development - Example: Houseflies and cockroaches transmit cholera, typhoid 3. Direct causative agents - Cause disease through infestation - Example: Scabies mite ( Sarcoptes scabiei ), head lice 4. Venomous effects - Cause injury through bites/stings - Example: Scorpions, spiders, bees cause envenomation 5. Nuisance and allergic reactions - Cause irritation and hypersensitivity - Example: Mosquito bites, bed bugs, dust mites trigger allergies --- Q3. Using an illustration, discuss the life cycle of a three-host tick (15 marks) Three-Host Tick Life Cycle (e.g., Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ) Stages: - Eggs → Laid on ground by engorged female (2,000-20,000 eggs) - Larvae (6-legged) → Hatch, climb vegetation, attach to HOST 1 (small mammals/birds), feed 3-7 days, drop off, molt to nymph - Nymph (8-legged) → Climb vegetation, attach to HOST 2 (medium mammals), feed 4-7 days, drop off, molt to adult - Adult (8-legged) → Climb vegetation, attach to HOST 3 (large mammals/cattle), mate on host, female feeds 7-14 days, drops off, lays eggs, dies Key feature: Each stage feeds on a different host and drops to ground to molt. Duration: Complete cycle takes 6 months to 3 years depending on conditions. --- Parasitology Tables - { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; } body { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif; background: white; padding: 0; min-height: 100vh; } .container { max-width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; background: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 0; box-shadow: none; } .header { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 30px; border-bottom: 3px solid 667eea; padding-bottom: 15px; } .header h1 { color: 667eea; font-size: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 8px; } .header h2 { color: 764ba2; font-size: 1em; font-weight: normal; } .table-card { background: white; border: 2px solid 667eea; border-radius: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); cursor: pointer; transition: transform 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s; } .table-card:active { transform: scale(0.98); } .table-card-header { background: linear-gradient(135deg, 667eea 0%, 764ba2 100%); color: white; 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} th, td { padding: 8px 4px; } .modal-content { width: 98%; } } Insecticide Target Site of Action Propoxur/Bendiocarb Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (inhibition) Avermectins GABA receptors (γ-aminobutyric acid receptors) Endosulfan GABA chloride channels Deltamethrin Sodium channels (voltage-gated) Rotenone NADH enzyme of oxidative phosphorylation pathway Feature Anopheles Culex Aedes Resting position Posterior end elevated (45° angle) Parallel to surface Parallel to surface Larval position Parallel to water surface Hangs at angle (with siphon) Hangs at angle Eggs Laid singly with floats Laid in rafts Laid singly above waterline Pathogen Primary Vector Disease Best Medication Trap/Physical Control Plasmodium vivax Anopheles stephensi Malaria Chloroquine/Primaquine Intact ceiling and walls Rift Valley fever virus Culex spp. Rift Valley fever Analgesics (supportive) CDC light trap Wuchereria bancrofti Culex quinquefasciatus Lymphatic filariasis Diethylcarbamazine BG sentinel trap Trypanosoma rhodesiense Glossina spp. Sleeping sickness Melarsoprol Blue/black cloth traps Trypanosoma cruzi Reduviid bug Chagas disease Benznidazole Intact walls/ceiling Onchocerca volvulus Simulium neavei River blindness Ivermectin Straightening of rivers Leishmania spp. Phlebotomus / Lutzomyia Leishmaniasis Pentavalent antimonials Insecticide spraying SN Parasite/Agent Vector Disease 1 Borrelia burgdorferi Ixodid tick Lyme disease 2 Borrelia recurrentis Body louse Relapsing fever 3 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Glossina palpalis Sleeping sickness (West Africa) 4 Dengue virus Aedes aegypti Dengue fever 5 Wuchereria bancrofti Culex spp. Elephantiasis 6 Leishmania tropica Lutzomyia species Cutaneous leishmaniasis 7 Chlamydia trachomatis Musca spp. (flies) Pink eye disease 8 Rickettsia spp. Culicoides spp. Rickettsial fever 9 Onchocerca volvulus Simulium neavei River blindness 10 Vibrio cholerae Blatta orientalis Cholera 11 Salmonella typhi Musca domestica Typhoid fever 12 Yersinia pestis Rat flea Plague function openModal(modalId) { document.getElementById(modalId).classList.add('active'); 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