General Pathology I | MCQ Quiz | OmpathStudy Kenya

Question 1

Name the response that best categorizes cells:

Accepted Answer

A, B, and C — Cells are categorized into three types based on their proliferative capacity: labile cells (continuously dividing), stable cells (divide when stimulated), and permanent cells (non-dividing post-mitotic cells). ---

Question 2

All the granulomatous diseases EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Asthma — Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by eosinophilia and smooth muscle hypertrophy, not granulomatous inflammation. The others all cause granulomatous reactions. ---

Question 3

The following are chemical mediators of chronic inflammation EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Hormones — While hormones can modulate inflammatory responses, they are not considered primary chemical mediators of chronic inflammation. Leukotrienes, complement, interleukins, and cytokines are key inflammatory mediators. ---

Question 4

The most important cell in chronic inflammation is:

Accepted Answer

Macrophages — Macrophages are the hallmark cells of chronic inflammation, responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and secretion of inflammatory mediators and growth factors. ---

Question 5

The following are causes of pathological atrophy EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

None of the above — All listed options (denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, and muscle disease) are valid causes of pathological atrophy - reduction in cell size and organ mass. ---

Question 6

The following are functions of cellular adaptations EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

None of the above — All listed functions can be part of cellular adaptations. Cells can adapt to perform various functions including phagocytosis, antigen processing, secretion, and lysis in response to environmental changes. ---

Question 7

Mechanisms of cell injury include all EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Normal protein synthesis — Normal protein synthesis is a sign of cellular health, not injury. Cell injury involves mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, calcium dysregulation, and lysosomal enzyme leakage. ---

Question 8

A tuberculous granuloma is comprised of:

Accepted Answer

Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes — Tuberculous granulomas are characterized by central caseating necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, and a peripheral layer of lymphocytes and plasma cells. ---

Question 9

Events surrounding chronic inflammation include all EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Infiltration with neutrophils — Neutrophil infiltration is characteristic of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation is characterized by macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, repair attempts, and tissue destruction. ---

Question 10

The heart and kidneys are prone to this type of cellular adaptation:

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy — Heart and kidney cells are primarily post-mitotic, so they respond to increased workload by increasing cell size (hypertrophy) rather than cell number (hyperplasia). ---

Question 11

Low albumin results in:

Accepted Answer

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure — Albumin is the major contributor to plasma oncotic pressure. Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) decreases colloid osmotic pressure, leading to fluid extravasation and edema. ---

Question 12

White blood cells attach to endothelial cells in the inflammatory process using their surface receptors called:

Accepted Answer

Integrins — Integrins on leukocytes bind to adhesion molecules (like ICAM-1) on endothelial cells, allowing firm adhesion before transmigration. Selectins mediate rolling, not firm adhesion. ---

Question 13

A white blood cell that is involved in the acute inflammatory response is:

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil — Neutrophils are the first and most numerous leukocytes recruited during acute inflammation, arriving within hours to perform phagocytosis and antimicrobial functions. ---

Question 14

In the process of phagocytosis, the oxidative arm produces the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Collagenases — Collagenases are non-oxidative enzymes. The oxidative arm of phagocytosis produces reactive oxygen species like superoxide (O2-), nitrates, and hypohalites (including iodine compounds). ---

Question 15

Wound healing involves all the processes outlined below EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of intracellular proteins (ICM) — Wound healing involves extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, not intracellular proteins. The process includes inflammation, cell regeneration, migration/proliferation, and tissue remodeling. ---

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct response to describe how secondary healing differs from primary healing:

Accepted Answer

All of the above — Secondary healing (healing by second intention) involves all these features compared to primary healing: larger defects, more intense inflammation, extensive granulation tissue, and significant wound contraction. ---

Question 17

Wound healing is affected by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Absence of glucocorticoids — The absence of glucocorticoids would actually improve wound healing, as glucocorticoids impair healing by suppressing inflammation and collagen synthesis. The other factors all negatively affect healing. ---

Question 18

Haemorrhage can result in one of the following:

Accepted Answer

Hypovolaemic Shock — Hemorrhage leads to blood volume loss, resulting in hypovolemic shock. The other shock types have different etiologies: cardiac dysfunction, infection, neurological injury, and allergic reactions respectively. ---

Question 19

The most common cause of oedema in the developing world secondary to reduced plasma colloid oncotic pressure is:

Accepted Answer

Malnutrition — In developing countries, protein-energy malnutrition (kwashiorkor) is the most common cause of hypoproteinemic edema due to inadequate protein intake leading to low albumin synthesis. ---

Question 20

One of the following is not associated with the pathophysiology of oedema:

Accepted Answer

Potassium retention — Potassium retention doesn't directly cause edema. Edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, increased vascular permeability (inflammation), and sodium retention. --- ## SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS EACH)

Question 21

Define the following terms

Accepted Answer

Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen availability to tissues despite adequate perfusion. Can result from respiratory disease, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, or high altitud

General Pathology I | MCQ Quiz | OmpathStudy Kenya

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