CELLULAR INJURY AND ADAPTATION MCQs – 9 MCQs | Kenya MBChB

9 Year 3: Gastrointestinal Pathology exam questions on CELLULAR INJURY AND ADAPTATION MCQs for medical students. Includes MCQs, answers, explanations and writte

This MCQ set contains 9 questions on CELLULAR INJURY AND ADAPTATION MCQs in the Year 3: Gastrointestinal Pathology unit. Each question includes the correct answer and a detailed explanation for active recall and exam preparation.

Q1: QUESTION 3 On a routine visit to the physician, an otherwise healthy 51-year-old man has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. If his hypertension remains untreated for years, which of the following cellular alterations would most likely be seen in his myocardium?

  1. A. Atrophy
  2. B. Hyperplasia
  3. C. Metaplasia
  4. D. Hemosiderosis
  5. E. Hypertrophy ANSWER: E
  6. F.

Correct answer: E – Hypertrophy ANSWER: E

The pressure load on the left ventricle results in an increase in myofilaments in the existing myofibers. The result of continued stress from hypertension is eventual heart failure with decreased contractility, but the cells do not decrease in size.

Q2: QUESTION 6 A 38-year-old woman experienced severe abdominal pain with hypotension and shock that led to her death within 36 hours after the onset of the pain. The mesentery shows focal, chalky white deposits. Which of the following events has most likely occurred?

  1. A. Hepatitis B virus infection
  2. B. Small intestinal infarction
  3. C. Tuberculous lymphadenitis
  4. D. Gangrenous cholecystitis
  5. E. Acute pancreatitis ANSWER: E

Correct answer: E – Acute pancreatitis ANSWER: E

The focal, chalky white deposits are areas of fat necrosis resulting from the release of pancreatic lipases in a patient with acute pancreatitis.

Q3: QUESTION 7 In an experiment, cells are subjected to radiant energy in the form of x-rays. This results in cell injury caused by hydrolysis of water. Which of the following cellular enzymes protects the cells from this type of injury?

  1. A. Phospholipase
  2. B. Glutathione peroxidase
  3. C. Endonuclease
  4. D. Lactate dehydrogenase
  5. E. Protease ANSWER: B
  6. F.

Correct answer: B – Glutathione peroxidase

Intracellular mechanisms exist that deal with free radical generation, as can occur with radiant injury from irradiation. Glutathione peroxidase reduces such injury by catalyzing the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

Q4: A 68-year-old woman suddenly lost consciousness; on awakening 1 hour later, she could not speak or move her right arm and leg. Two months later, a head CT scan showed a large cystic area in the left parietal lobe. Which of the following pathologic processes has most likely occurred in the brain?

  1. A. Fat necrosis
  2. B. Coagulative necrosis
  3. C. Apoptosis
  4. D. Liquefactive necrosis
  5. E. Karyolysis ANSWER: D

Correct answer: D – Liquefactive necrosis

The high lipid content of central nervous system tissues results in liquefactive necrosis as a consequence of ischemic injury, as in this case of a "stroke."

Q5: QUESTION 11 An experiment analyzes cells for enzyme activity associated with sustained cellular proliferation. Which of the following cells is most likely to have the highest telomerase activity?

  1. A. Endothelial cells
  2. B. Germ cells
  3. C. Neurons
  4. D. Neutrophils
  5. E. Erythrocytes ANSWER: B
  6. F.

Correct answer: B – Germ cells

Germ cells have the highest telomerase activity, and the telomere length can be stabilized in these cells. This allows testicular germ cells to retain the ability to divide throughout life.

Q6: QUESTION 13 On day 28 of her menstrual cycle, a 23-year-old woman experiences onset of menstrual bleeding that lasts for 6 days. She has had regular cycles for many years. Which of the following processes is most likely occurring in the endometrium just before the onset of bleeding?

  1. A. Apoptosis
  2. B. Caseous necrosis
  3. C. Heterophagocytosis
  4. D. Atrophy
  5. E. Liquefactive necrosis ANSWER: A

Correct answer: A – Apoptosis

The onset of menstruation is an example of orderly, programmed cell death (apoptosis) through hormonal stimuli. The endometrium breaks down, sloughs off, and then regenerates.

Q7: After the birth of her first child, a 19-year-old woman breastfed the infant for about 1 year. Which of the following processes that occurred in the breast during pregnancy allowed her to breastfeed the infant?

  1. A. Stromal hypertrophy
  2. B. Lobular hyperplasia
  3. C. Epithelial dysplasia
  4. D. Intracellular accumulation of fat
  5. E. Ductal epithelial metaplasia ANSWER: B

Correct answer: B – Lobular hyperplasia

Lobules increase under hormonal influence (mainly progesterone) to provide for normal lactation. The breast stroma plays no role in lactation and may increase with pathologic processes.

Q8: The nonpregnant uterus of a 20-year-old woman measures 7 × 4 × 3 cm. The woman becomes pregnant and just before delivery of a term infant, the uterus measures 34 × 18 × 12 cm. Which of the following cellular processes has contributed most to the increase in uterine size?

  1. A. Endometrial glandular hyperplasia
  2. B. Myometrial fibroblast proliferation
  3. C. Endometrial stromal hypertrophy
  4. D. Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy
  5. E. Vascular endothelial hyperplasia ANSWER: D

Correct answer: D – Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy

The increase in uterine size is primarily the result of an increase in myometrial smooth muscle cell size. The endometrium also increases in size, but it remains as a lining to the muscular wall and does not contribute as much to the change in size.

Q9: A 28-year-old man with cystic fibrosis undergoes genetic testing that reveals a ΔF508 mutation in the CFTR gene. This mutation results in production of a misfolded protein that is retained in which of the following cellular locations?

  1. A. Nucleus
  2. B. Mitochondria
  3. C. Endoplasmic reticulum
  4. D. Golgi apparatus
  5. E. Lysosome ANSWER: C

Correct answer: C – Endoplasmic reticulum

The ΔF508 mutation produces a misfolded CFTR protein that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded rather than being transported to the cell membrane. This is analogous to α1-antitrypsin deficiency where misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER

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