CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | MCQ Quiz | OmpathStudy Kenya

Question 1

At what stage of gestation does the heart and vasculature become the first fully functional organ system?

Accepted Answer

4 weeks — The heart and vasculature become the first fully functional organ system at approximately 4 weeks of gestation.

Question 2

Which of the following is the most common genetic cause of congenital heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) — Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome, is the most common genetic cause associated with congenital heart disease.

Question 3

What percentage of patients with Down syndrome have one or more heart defects?

Accepted Answer

40% — Approximately 40% of patients with Down syndrome have one or more heart defects.

Question 4

A "shunt" in congenital heart disease is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

An abnormal communication between chambers or vessels — A shunt refers to an abnormal communication allowing blood to flow between chambers or vessels, bypassing normal circulation.

Question 5

Which condition is characterized by a "machinery-like" murmur?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) — Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is classically associated with a continuous, 'machinery-like' murmur.

Question 6

Cyanosis is a primary clinical feature of which group of disorders?

Accepted Answer

Right-to-left shunts — Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin, results from deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs, which occurs in right-to-left shunts.

Question 7

Eisenmenger syndrome occurs when:

Accepted Answer

A left-to-right shunt reverses to right-to-left due to pulmonary hypertension — Eisenmenger syndrome is characterized by the reversal of a left-to-right shunt to a right-to-left shunt, caused by severe pulmonary hypertension.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the four cardinal features of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Accepted Answer

Left atrial dilation — The four cardinal features of Tetralogy of Fallot are overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary stenosis (subpulmonic stenosis). Left atrial dilation is not a primary feature.

Question 9

What is the most common form of congenital heart disease (excluding bicuspid aortic valve)?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect — Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common form of congenital heart disease, excluding bicuspid aortic valve.

Question 10

The "second heart field" in fetal development primarily populates which structures?

Accepted Answer

Outflow tract, right ventricle, and most of the atria — The second heart field contributes significantly to the formation of the outflow tract, right ventricle, and much of the atria.

Question 11

Which transcription factor mutation is specifically linked to DiGeorge syndrome and neural crest migration?

Accepted Answer

TBX1 — TBX1 mutation is specifically linked to DiGeorge syndrome, which involves defective neural crest migration.

Question 12

Paradoxical embolism is a potential complication of:

Accepted Answer

Right-to-left shunts (or transient reversal of left-to-right shunts) — Paradoxical embolism occurs when an embolus from the venous system crosses to the arterial system through a right-to-left shunt, such as a patent foramen ovale or an ASD/VSD with reversed flow.

Question 13

Which of these is a typical "obstructive" congenital lesion?

Accepted Answer

Coarctation of the aorta — Coarctation of the aorta is an obstructive lesion characterized by a narrowing of the aorta.

Question 14

Secundum ASDs (90% of all ASDs) result from a deficiency in the:

Accepted Answer

Septum secundum — Secundum atrial septal defects, the most common type, are due to a deficiency in the septum secundum.

Question 15

At birth, the closure of the foramen ovale is triggered by:

Accepted Answer

Decreased pulmonary vascular pressure and increased left atrial pressure — At birth, lung expansion leads to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing pulmonary blood flow and left atrial pressure, which functionally closes the foramen ovale.

Question 16

"Clubbing" of the fingers is a clinical sign associated with:

Accepted Answer

Chronic severe hypoxia/cyanosis — Clubbing of the fingers is a sign of chronic severe hypoxia or cyanosis, often seen in cyanotic congenital heart diseases.

Question 17

Most ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur in which part of the septum?

Accepted Answer

Membranous part — The membranous part of the ventricular septum is the most common site for VSDs.

Question 18

In Tetralogy of Fallot, "subpulmonic stenosis" refers to:

Accepted Answer

Obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract — Subpulmonic stenosis in Tetralogy of Fallot refers to the obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, leading to reduced pulmonary blood flow.

Question 19

Which medication is used to maintain ductal patency in certain life-threatening CHDs?

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandin E1 — Prostaglandin E1 is administered to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus in infants with ductal-dependent congenital heart defects.

Question 20

Which syndrome involves a deletion on chromosome 22q11.2?

Accepted Answer

DiGeorge syndrome — DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by a microdeletion on chromosome 22q11.2, leading to various developmental abnormalities including heart defects.

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | MCQ Quiz | OmpathStudy Kenya

Questions, Answers & Explanations