Tensor fasciae latae is supplied by:

Superior gluteal nerve — Tensor fasciae latae is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1). This nerve emerges from the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle and supplies tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.

Which structure is intrasynovial at the knee joint:

None of the above — While the cruciate ligaments and tendon of popliteus are intracapsular (inside the fibrous capsule), they are actually extrasynovial as they are covered by synovial membrane. The menisci are also intracapsular but not truly intrasynovial.

The 'screw-home' movement in extension of the knee joint begins with tightening of the:

Anterior cruciate ligament — The screw-home mechanism involves automatic lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur during the last 20-30 degrees of extension. This is initiated by tightening of the anterior cruciate ligament, which causes the tibia to rotate laterally to achieve full extension and "lock" the knee.

Tendon perforates the superior extensor retinaculum — The tendon of tibialis anterior passes through the superior extensor retinaculum at the ankle. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve (not tibial), inserts into the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal, and arises from the lateral tibia and interosseous membrane.

Always has the femoral artery lying between the saphenous nerve and the femoral vein — In the adductor canal (Hunter's canal), the femoral artery is positioned between the saphenous nerve (laterally) and the femoral vein (medially/posteriorly). The canal contains the femoral vessels, saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis, and ends at the adductor hiatus in adductor magnus.

The great saphenous vein:

Enters the femoral vein on its anteromedial side — The great saphenous vein pierces the cribriform fascia and enters the femoral vein on its anteromedial aspect below the inguinal ligament. It begins from the medial end of the dorsal venous arch, passes anterior (not posterior) to the medial malleolus, and is only accompanied by the saphenous nerve in the lower leg.

Regarding the femoral artery:

The femoral vein is always on its medial side — The lateral circumflex femoral artery, a branch of the profunda femoris, passes laterally between the divisions of the femoral nerve, separating the superficial and deep branches. The profunda femoris arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery.

Is the chief control of hip flexion — Gluteus maximus is the chief EXTENSOR (not flexor) of the hip, particularly important when rising from sitting, climbing stairs, and running. It receives blood from both superior and inferior gluteal arteries, and the majority of its fibers insert into the iliotibial tract rather than the gluteal tuberosity.

Regarding the adductor compartment:

The hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve — Adductor magnus is a composite muscle. The adductor portion is supplied by the obturator nerve, while the hamstring (ischiocondylar) portion is supplied by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve. This dual innervation reflects its dual embryological origin.

Which vessel is NOT involved in the trochanteric anastomosis?

Obturator artery — The trochanteric anastomosis around the greater trochanter involves branches from the superior and inferior gluteal arteries, medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, but NOT the obturator artery. This anastomosis provides collateral circulation to the hip region.

Lies deep to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve — The sciatic nerve lies deep (anterior) to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve in the gluteal region. It emerges below (not over) piriformis, is derived from L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, and typically divides into tibial and common peroneal components in the lower thigh.

Which is the odd one out?

Superior gluteal nerve — The superior gluteal nerve is the only structure that emerges ABOVE piriformis through the greater sciatic foramen. All the other structures (sciatic nerve, nerve to obturator internus, pudendal nerve, and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve) emerge BELOW piriformis.

Regarding the hamstring compartment:

Ischial fibres of adductor magnus degenerate to form the tibial collateral ligament — The hamstring part of adductor magnus has some fibers that insert as a tendon onto the adductor tubercle, and phylogenetically these fibers are related to the medial (tibial) collateral ligament. The oblique popliteal ligament is an expansion of semimembranosus, not biceps femoris.

Regarding the popliteal vessels:

The middle genicular artery supplies the cruciate ligaments — The middle genicular artery is a small branch that pierces the posterior capsule of the knee joint to supply the cruciate ligaments and synovial membrane. The popliteal vein lies between the artery and tibial nerve (artery is deepest), and the popliteal artery enters on the medial side.

The cruciate ligaments are sensitive and the menisci are not — The cruciate ligaments are richly innervated and sensitive to pain and proprioception. The menisci have nerve supply only at their peripheral attachments, with the central portions being relatively avascular and aneural. The fibular collateral ligament is NOT attached to the lateral meniscus.

Regarding nerve supply of the lower limb:

The cruciate ligaments are supplied by the tibial nerve — The cruciate ligaments receive innervation from branches of the tibial nerve (part of the articular branch supply to the knee joint). The anterior compartment is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve, and obturator internus is supplied by the nerve to obturator internus (not the obturator nerve).

Regarding flexor digitorum longus:

The medial two tendons receive a strong slip from the tendon of flexor hallucis longus — In the sole of the foot, the tendon of flexor hallucis longus sends a strong slip to join the medial two tendons of flexor digitorum longus. The four tendons divide in the sole (not under the retinaculum), and they insert into the bases of the distal (not middle) phalanges.

The following are branches of the femoral artery except:

Middle genicular artery — The middle genicular artery is a branch of the popliteal artery (not the femoral artery). It pierces the posterior capsule of the knee to supply the cruciate ligaments. The superficial branches and deep external pudendal artery are all direct branches of the femoral artery.

The following cutaneous nerves of the thigh are derived in part from the second lumbar nerve except:

Ilioinguinal — The ilioinguinal nerve arises from L1 only. The medial femoral cutaneous (L2-L3), obturator (L2-L4), lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-L3), and genitofemoral (L1-L2) nerves all have contributions from L2.

Which of the following, regarding the great saphenous vein, is INCORRECT?

It passes behind the medial malleolus — The great saphenous vein passes ANTERIOR (in front of) the medial malleolus, not behind it. All other statements are correct. The vein ascends on the medial aspect of the leg and thigh.

Cutaneous nerve supply of the thigh involves all but which of the following:

The intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve — The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the scrotum/labia majora and cremaster muscle, NOT the thigh skin. All others provide cutaneous innervation to the thigh.

The patellar plexus takes twigs from all but which of the following?

Infrapatellar branch of the common peroneal nerve — The patellar plexus receives contributions from saphenous nerve, medial, intermediate, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. There is NO infrapatellar branch from the common peroneal nerve.

The inferior gluteal nerve supplies:

Gluteus maximus — Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2) supplies ONLY gluteus maximus. Gluteus medius and minimus are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve.

The pudendal nerve emerges beneath piriformis, turns around the back of the sacrospinous ligament and passes between the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments — Pudendal nerve exits below piriformis, hooks around the sacrospinous ligament, and re-enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen. The sciatic nerve is L4-S3 (not just L4,5,S1).

With respect to the ligaments around the knee joint:

The fibular collateral ligament blends with the capsule and is attached to the lateral meniscus — The tibial (medial) collateral ligament is firmly attached to the medial meniscus and joint capsule. The fibular collateral ligament is NOT attached to the lateral meniscus. Oblique popliteal ligament is from semimembranosus.

With respect to the posterior compartment of the leg, which is FALSE?

Plantaris arises from the lower part of the lateral supracondylar line and is absent in 10% — The small saphenous vein drains the LATERAL (not medial) side of the dorsal venous arch and lateral margin of the foot. The great saphenous drains the medial side.

The myotome for plantar flexion of the great toe is:

L3, 4 — Plantar flexion of the great toe (flexor hallucis longus) is primarily S1, S2. Remember: ankle plantarflexion is also S1, S2.

With respect to the hip bone:

The pelvic rim is formed by the iliac crest, tubercular area and pectineal line — A line through the highest points of the iliac crests (supracristal line) passes through the L4 vertebral spine - important landmark for lumbar puncture.

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the adductor (subsartorial) canal?

Femoral artery — The femoral nerve divides in the femoral triangle and does NOT enter the adductor canal. The canal contains: femoral artery and vein, saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis.

The surface markings of the sciatic nerve are from:

The ischial tuberosity to the adductor tubercle of the medial femoral condyle — Sciatic nerve surface marking: from the midpoint between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter, descending to the apex of the popliteal fossa (where it typically divides).

Is the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath — The femoral canal is the MEDIAL compartment of the femoral sheath, lying medial to the femoral vein. It normally contains lymphatics and the lymph node of Cloquet; it's the site of femoral hernias.

The great saphenous vein:

Commences at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch — Great saphenous vein begins at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch. It passes ANTERIOR to the medial malleolus (not behind), and is only accompanied by the saphenous nerve in the lower leg.

Which is NOT true of the tendoachilles?

It inserts into the middle third of the posterior surface of the calcaneus — The Achilles tendon is NOT invested in a synovial sheath (unlike many other tendons). It has bursae associated with it but no true synovial sheath.

Which of the following structures lies within the knee joint?

Patellar ligament — The tendon of popliteus is intracapsular (within the fibrous capsule), passing through the joint. The collateral ligaments and patellar structures are extracapsular.

Following an injury to the leg, a patient is unable to dorsiflex their foot. Which nerve is most likely to be damaged?

The deep branch of the common peroneal nerve — The deep peroneal nerve supplies the anterior compartment muscles (tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus) which are responsible for dorsiflexion.

With respect to peroneus longus:

It inserts into the base of the 5th metatarsal — Peroneus longus is supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve (L5, S1). It inserts into the base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (not 5th metatarsal - that's peroneus brevis). It arises from the fibula.

The stability of the weightbearing flexed knee is maintained by:

Anterior cruciate ligament — The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the primary stabilizer of the flexed, weight-bearing knee. It prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur when the knee is flexed.

Regarding the femoral triangle:

The lateral border of the adductor longus makes up its medial boundary — The great (long) saphenous vein pierces the cribriform fascia and joins the femoral vein within the femoral triangle at the saphenous opening.

Inversion of the foot is performed by which pair of muscles?

Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis — Inversion is performed by tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion + inversion) and tibialis posterior (plantarflexion + inversion). Peroneus muscles cause eversion.

The anterior tibial artery:

Pierces the interosseous membrane — The anterior tibial artery lies lateral to tibialis anterior in the anterior compartment. It pierces the interosseous membrane to enter the anterior compartment from the posterior, and lies medial to the deep peroneal nerve.

The suprapatellar bursa:

Does not communicate with the knee joint — The suprapatellar bursa extends approximately 5cm (two finger breadths) above the patella, lying between the femur and quadriceps tendon. It communicates freely with the knee joint cavity.

Which of the following does NOT apply to the popliteus muscle?

It inserts into the lateral meniscus of the knee joint — Popliteus FLEXES the knee and "unlocks" it by laterally rotating the femur on the fixed tibia (or medially rotating the tibia on the femur). It does NOT extend the knee.

A 30 year old man presents with adenopathy of the medial group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes on the right side. Which of the following is the primary site resulting in this finding?

Right testis — Medial superficial inguinal nodes drain the perineum, including the lower anal canal, external genitalia (except testes), and lower vagina/urethra. Testes drain to para-aortic nodes.

Regarding the femoral artery:

It enters the thigh directly beneath the deep inguinal ring — The femoral artery gives superficial branches (superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial and deep external pudendal) and the profunda femoris. It enters at the mid-inguinal point and lies medial to the femoral nerve.

Regarding the popliteal fossa:

The common peroneal nerve passes through the lateral part of the fossa — The common peroneal nerve runs along the lateral border of the popliteal fossa (following biceps femoris tendon). The fossa contains lymph nodes, and the popliteal artery is the deepest structure.

Regarding the movements at the knee joint:

Popliteus 'unlocks' the extended knee by producing medial rotation of the femur — In full extension, the knee is "locked" and no active rotation is possible. Rotation only occurs when the knee is flexed. Popliteus unlocks the knee by laterally rotating the femur (or medially rotating the tibia).

The dorsalis pedis artery:

Lies medial to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus — Dorsalis pedis passes into the sole through the first intermetatarsal space to join the lateral plantar artery, forming the deep plantar arch. It lies lateral to extensor hallucis longus and medial to the deep peroneal nerve.

A 25 year old man is unable to plantar flex his foot. The most likely cause is damage to:

The superficial peroneal nerve — The tibial nerve supplies all the plantarflexors (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus). Damage to this nerve would cause loss of plantarflexion.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the second layer of the sole of the foot?

Tendon of flexor hallucis longus — The second layer consists of: flexor digitorum longus tendons, flexor hallucis longus tendon, quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius), and lumbricals. Abductor hallucis is in the first (superficial) layer.

Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

The sciatic nerve — The nerve to obturator externus is a branch of the obturator nerve and passes through the obturator foramen, NOT the greater sciatic foramen. All others pass through the greater sciatic foramen.

Lower Limb Anatomy MCQ Compilation | MCQ Quiz | OmpathStudy Kenya

Practice 180 MCQs on Lower Limb Anatomy MCQ Compilation with OmpathStudy. Built for Kenyan medical and health students to revise key concepts and prepare for...

Questions, Answers & Explanations

Q1. Tensor fasciae latae is supplied by:
- Anterior division of femoral nerve
- Superior gluteal nerve
- Nerve to vastus lateralis
- Inferior gluteal nerve
- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
- Superior gluteal nerve**
Answer: Superior gluteal nerve

Explanation: Tensor fasciae latae is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1). This nerve emerges from the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis muscle and supplies tensor fasciae latae, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.
Q2. Which structure is intrasynovial at the knee joint:
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Tendon of popliteus
- Medial and lateral menisci
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- None of the above
- None of the above**
Answer: None of the above

Explanation: While the cruciate ligaments and tendon of popliteus are intracapsular (inside the fibrous capsule), they are actually extrasynovial as they are covered by synovial membrane. The menisci are also intracapsular but not truly intrasynovial.
Q3. The 'screw-home' movement in extension of the knee joint begins with tightening of the:
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Medial collateral ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Anterior cruciate ligament**
Answer: Anterior cruciate ligament

Explanation: The screw-home mechanism involves automatic lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur during the last 20-30 degrees of extension. This is initiated by tightening of the anterior cruciate ligament, which causes the tibia to rotate laterally to achieve full extension and "lock" the knee.
Q4. Tibialis anterior:
- Is supplied by the tibial nerve
- Inserts into the second metatarsal bone
- Is pierced by the posterior tibial artery
- Tendon perforates the superior extensor retinaculum
- Does not arise from the interosseous membrane
- Tendon perforates the superior extensor retinaculum**
Answer: Tendon perforates the superior extensor retinaculum

Explanation: The tendon of tibialis anterior passes through the superior extensor retinaculum at the ankle. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve (not tibial), inserts into the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal, and arises from the lateral tibia and interosseous membrane.
Q5. The adductor canal:
- Contains the femoral artery and nerve
- Ends distally in the adductor longus hiatus
- Contains no muscular nerves
- Has adductor longus forming the root
- Always has the femoral artery lying between the saphenous nerve and the femoral vein
- Always has the femoral artery lying between the saphenous nerve and the femoral vein**
Answer: Always has the femoral artery lying between the saphenous nerve and the femoral vein

Explanation: In the adductor canal (Hunter's canal), the femoral artery is positioned between the saphenous nerve (laterally) and the femoral vein (medially/posteriorly). The canal contains the femoral vessels, saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis, and ends at the adductor hiatus in adductor magnus.
Q6. The great saphenous vein:
- Joins the femoral vein above the inguinal ligament
- Begins as the upward continuation of the lateral marginal vein of the foot
- Travels with the saphenous nerve along its course
- Runs behind the medial malleolus
- Enters the femoral vein on its anteromedial side
- Enters the femoral vein on its anteromedial side**
Answer: Enters the femoral vein on its anteromedial side

Explanation: The great saphenous vein pierces the cribriform fascia and enters the femoral vein on its anteromedial aspect below the inguinal ligament. It begins from the medial end of the dorsal venous arch, passes anterior (not posterior) to the medial malleolus, and is only accompanied by the saphenous nerve in the lower leg.
Q7. Regarding the femoral artery:
- Adductor magnus lies between it and the profunda femoris artery
- The profunda femoris vein lies behind the profunda femoris artery
- Profunda femoris artery arises from its posterior surface
- The femoral vein is always on its medial side
Answer: The femoral vein is always on its medial side

Explanation: The lateral circumflex femoral artery, a branch of the profunda femoris, passes laterally between the divisions of the femoral nerve, separating the superficial and deep branches. The profunda femoris arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery.
Q8. Gluteus maximus:
- Forms the gluteal fold
- Has four bursae beneath it
- Has blood supply solely from the inferior gluteal artery
- Is the chief control of hip flexion
- Has 50% of fibres inserting into the gluteal tuberosity
- Is the chief control of hip flexion**
Answer: Is the chief control of hip flexion

Explanation: Gluteus maximus is the chief EXTENSOR (not flexor) of the hip, particularly important when rising from sitting, climbing stairs, and running. It receives blood from both superior and inferior gluteal arteries, and the majority of its fibers insert into the iliotibial tract rather than the gluteal tuberosity.
Q9. Regarding the adductor compartment:
- Adductor magnus lies between the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve
- Adductor longus inserts into the upper two thirds of the linea aspera of the femur
- The hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve
- The medial intermuscular septum separates the adductor compartment from the posterior compartment
- Obturator externus medially rotates the hip
- The hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve**
Answer: The hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve

Explanation: Adductor magnus is a composite muscle. The adductor portion is supplied by the obturator nerve, while the hamstring (ischiocondylar) portion is supplied by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve. This dual innervation reflects its dual embryological origin.
Q10. Which vessel is NOT involved in the trochanteric anastomosis?
- Superior gluteal artery
- Obturator artery
- Lateral circumflex femoral artery
- Medial circumflex femoral artery
- Inferior gluteal artery
- Obturator artery**
Answer: Obturator artery

Explanation: The trochanteric anastomosis around the greater trochanter involves branches from the superior and inferior gluteal arteries, medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, but NOT the obturator artery. This anastomosis provides collateral circulation to the hip region.
Q11. The sciatic nerve:
- Lies deep to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- Passes down over obturator internus, quadratus femoris and piriformis
- Tibial and common peroneal components separate behind the hip joint
- In the buttock it lies midway between the greater trochanter and pubic tuberosity
- Is derived from L3, 4, 5, S1, 2
- Lies deep to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve**
Answer: Lies deep to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Explanation: The sciatic nerve lies deep (anterior) to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve in the gluteal region. It emerges below (not over) piriformis, is derived from L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, and typically divides into tibial and common peroneal components in the lower thigh.
Q12. Which is the odd one out?
- Sciatic nerve
- Nerve to obturator internus
- Superior gluteal nerve
- Pudendal nerve
- Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
- Superior gluteal nerve**
Answer: Superior gluteal nerve

Explanation: The superior gluteal nerve is the only structure that emerges ABOVE piriformis through the greater sciatic foramen. All the other structures (sciatic nerve, nerve to obturator internus, pudendal nerve, and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve) emerge BELOW piriformis.
Q13. Regarding the hamstring compartment:
- The cutaneous nerve supply is from the posterior circumflex femoral nerve
- Ischial fibres of adductor magnus degenerate to form the tibial collateral ligament
- Semitendinosus lies deep to semimembranosus
- The oblique popliteal ligament is an expansion of biceps femoris
- The long head of biceps arises from the lateral facet of the ischial tuberosity
- Ischial fibres of adductor magnus degenerate to form the tibial collateral ligament**
Answer: Ischial fibres of adductor magnus degenerate to form the tibial collateral ligament

Explanation: The hamstring part of adductor magnus has some fibers that insert as a tendon onto the adductor tubercle, and phylogenetically these fibers are related to the medial (tibial) collateral ligament. The oblique popliteal ligament is an expansion of semimembranosus, not biceps femoris.
Q14. Regarding the popliteal vessels:
- The tibial nerve lies between the popliteal artery and vein
- The sural arteries supply soleus
- The middle genicular artery supplies the cruciate ligaments
- Lymph nodes lie alongside the popliteal artery
- The popliteal artery enters the fossa on the lateral side of the femur
- The middle genicular artery supplies the cruciate ligaments**
Answer: The middle genicular artery supplies the cruciate ligaments

Explanation: The middle genicular artery is a small branch that pierces the posterior capsule of the knee joint to supply the cruciate ligaments and synovial membrane. The popliteal vein lies between the artery and tibial nerve (artery is deepest), and the popliteal artery enters on the medial side.
Q15. At the knee joint:
- The fibular collateral ligament is attached to the lateral meniscus and joint capsule
- There are three main gaps in the joint capsule
- The tibial collateral ligament is tight in flexion
- The posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the lateral condyle of the femur
- The cruciate ligaments are sensitive and the menisci are not
- The cruciate ligaments are sensitive and the menisci are not**
Answer: The cruciate ligaments are sensitive and the menisci are not

Explanation: The cruciate ligaments are richly innervated and sensitive to pain and proprioception. The menisci have nerve supply only at their peripheral attachments, with the central portions being relatively avascular and aneural. The fibular collateral ligament is NOT attached to the lateral meniscus.
Q16. Regarding nerve supply of the lower limb:
- Superficial peroneal nerve supplies the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
- The cruciate ligaments are supplied by the tibial nerve
- The obturator nerve supplies obturator internus muscle
- The sciatic nerve does not make contact with bone
- The tibial part of the sciatic nerve is the sole supply to muscles in the hamstring compartment
- The cruciate ligaments are supplied by the tibial nerve**
Answer: The cruciate ligaments are supplied by the tibial nerve

Explanation: The cruciate ligaments receive innervation from branches of the tibial nerve (part of the articular branch supply to the knee joint). The anterior compartment is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve, and obturator internus is supplied by the nerve to obturator internus (not the obturator nerve).
Q17. Regarding flexor digitorum longus:
- Its four tendons divide under the flexor retinaculum
- It arises from the tibia and interosseous membrane only
- The medial two tendons receive a strong slip from the tendon of flexor hallucis longus
- The tendons have no flexor sheaths
- It inserts into the bases of the middle phalanges
- The medial two tendons receive a strong slip from the tendon of flexor hallucis longus**
Answer: The medial two tendons receive a strong slip from the tendon of flexor hallucis longus

Explanation: In the sole of the foot, the tendon of flexor hallucis longus sends a strong slip to join the medial two tendons of flexor digitorum longus. The four tendons divide in the sole (not under the retinaculum), and they insert into the bases of the distal (not middle) phalanges.
Q18. The following are branches of the femoral artery except:
- Superficial circumflex iliac artery
- Superficial epigastric artery
- Superficial external pudendal artery
- Deep external pudendal artery
- Middle genicular artery
- Middle genicular artery**
Answer: Middle genicular artery

Explanation: The middle genicular artery is a branch of the popliteal artery (not the femoral artery). It pierces the posterior capsule of the knee to supply the cruciate ligaments. The superficial branches and deep external pudendal artery are all direct branches of the femoral artery.
Q19. The following cutaneous nerves of the thigh are derived in part from the second lumbar nerve except:
- Ilioinguinal
- Medial femoral cutaneous nerve
- Obturator nerve
- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
- Genitofemoral nerve
- Ilioinguinal**
Answer: Ilioinguinal

Explanation: The ilioinguinal nerve arises from L1 only. The medial femoral cutaneous (L2-L3), obturator (L2-L4), lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-L3), and genitofemoral (L1-L2) nerves all have contributions from L2.
Q20. Which of the following, regarding the great saphenous vein, is INCORRECT?
- It is the longest vein in the body
- It passes behind the medial malleolus
- At the knee, it lies a hand's breadth behind the medial border of the patella
- The saphenous opening lies about 3cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle
- The deep external pudendal artery runs medially behind the saphenous vein near its termination
- It passes behind the medial malleolus**
Answer: It passes behind the medial malleolus

Explanation: The great saphenous vein passes ANTERIOR (in front of) the medial malleolus, not behind it. All other statements are correct. The vein ascends on the medial aspect of the leg and thigh.
Q21. Cutaneous nerve supply of the thigh involves all but which of the following:
- The intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve
- The obturator nerve
- The ilioinguinal nerve
- The posterior cutaneous nerves of the thigh
Answer: The intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve

Explanation: The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the scrotum/labia majora and cremaster muscle, NOT the thigh skin. All others provide cutaneous innervation to the thigh.
Q22. The patellar plexus takes twigs from all but which of the following?
- Infrapatellar branch of the common peroneal nerve
- Medial femoral cutaneous nerve
- Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
- Intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve
- Infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve
Answer: Infrapatellar branch of the common peroneal nerve

Explanation: The patellar plexus receives contributions from saphenous nerve, medial, intermediate, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerves. There is NO infrapatellar branch from the common peroneal nerve.
Q23. The inferior gluteal nerve supplies:
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- All of the above
- None of the above
Answer: Gluteus maximus

Explanation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2) supplies ONLY gluteus maximus. Gluteus medius and minimus are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve.
Q24. Within the buttock:
- The pudendal nerve emerges beneath piriformis, turns around the back of the sacrospinous ligament and passes between the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
- The internal pudendal artery can be compressed against the base of the ischial tuberosity
- The sciatic nerve (L4, 5, S1) emerges from below piriformis muscle more laterally than the inferior gluteal and pudendal nerves and vessels
- The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve lies medially to the sciatic nerve
- The cruciate anastomosis provides the main source of blood for the supply of the head of femur
Answer: The pudendal nerve emerges beneath piriformis, turns around the back of the sacrospinous ligament and passes between the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

Explanation: Pudendal nerve exits below piriformis, hooks around the sacrospinous ligament, and re-enters pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen. The sciatic nerve is L4-S3 (not just L4,5,S1).
Q25. With respect to the ligaments around the knee joint:
- The fibular collateral ligament blends with the capsule and is attached to the lateral meniscus
- The tibial collateral ligament blends posteriorly with the capsule and is attached to the medial meniscus
- The oblique popliteal ligament is an expansion from the tendon of semitendinosus that blends with the capsule posteriorly
- The posterior cruciate ligament runs from anterior tibial plateau to the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
- The transverse ligament runs posteriorly between menisci
Answer: The fibular collateral ligament blends with the capsule and is attached to the lateral meniscus

Explanation: The tibial (medial) collateral ligament is firmly attached to the medial meniscus and joint capsule. The fibular collateral ligament is NOT attached to the lateral meniscus. Oblique popliteal ligament is from semimembranosus.
Q26. With respect to the posterior compartment of the leg, which is FALSE?
- Plantaris arises from the lower part of the lateral supracondylar line and is absent in 10%
- The medial head of gastrocnemius is larger than the lateral
- The soleal muscle contains a rich plexus of small veins → the soleal pump
- The nerve of this compartment is the tibial nerve
Answer: Plantaris arises from the lower part of the lateral supracondylar line and is absent in 10%

Explanation: The small saphenous vein drains the LATERAL (not medial) side of the dorsal venous arch and lateral margin of the foot. The great saphenous drains the medial side.
Q27. The myotome for plantar flexion of the great toe is:
- L3, 4
- L4, 5
- L5, S1
- S1, 2
- S2, 3
Answer: L3, 4

Explanation: Plantar flexion of the great toe (flexor hallucis longus) is primarily S1, S2. Remember: ankle plantarflexion is also S1, S2.
Q28. With respect to the hip bone:
- The pelvic rim is formed by the iliac crest, tubercular area and pectineal line
- The iliofemoral ligament and sartorius are attached to the anterosuperior iliac spine
- The iliopubic eminence on anterior margin of acetabulum joins the ischium and pubic bone
- The tubercle of the iliac crest lies 7.5cm behind the anterosuperior iliac spine
- The line between the highest point of the iliac crest passes through the spine of L4
Answer: The pelvic rim is formed by the iliac crest, tubercular area and pectineal line

Explanation: A line through the highest points of the iliac crests (supracristal line) passes through the L4 vertebral spine - important landmark for lumbar puncture.
Q29. Which of the following structures is NOT found in the adductor (subsartorial) canal?
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
- Femoral nerve
- Saphenous nerve
- Nerve to vastus medialis
Answer: Femoral artery

Explanation: The femoral nerve divides in the femoral triangle and does NOT enter the adductor canal. The canal contains: femoral artery and vein, saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis.
Q30. The surface markings of the sciatic nerve are from:
- The ischial tuberosity to the adductor tubercle of the medial femoral condyle
- The posterior superior iliac spine to the apex of the popliteal fossa
- The midpoint of a line between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter to the adductor tubercle of the medial femoral condyle
- The ischial tuberosity to the apex of the popliteal fossa
- The midpoint of a line between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter to apex of the popliteal fossa
Answer: The ischial tuberosity to the adductor tubercle of the medial femoral condyle

Explanation: Sciatic nerve surface marking: from the midpoint between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter, descending to the apex of the popliteal fossa (where it typically divides).
Q31. The femoral canal:
- Is the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath
- Lies medial to the pubic tubercle
- Contains the femoral nerve
- Is medial to the femoral vein
- Transmits the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Answer: Is the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath

Explanation: The femoral canal is the MEDIAL compartment of the femoral sheath, lying medial to the femoral vein. It normally contains lymphatics and the lymph node of Cloquet; it's the site of femoral hernias.
Q32. The great saphenous vein:
- Commences at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch
- Passes behind the medial malleolus
- Is accompanied by the saphenous nerve throughout its course
- Passes under the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral vein
- Drains the medial side of the leg between the tibia and the tendocalcaneus
Answer: Commences at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch

Explanation: Great saphenous vein begins at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch. It passes ANTERIOR to the medial malleolus (not behind), and is only accompanied by the saphenous nerve in the lower leg.
Q33. Which is NOT true of the tendoachilles?
- It inserts into the middle third of the posterior surface of the calcaneus
- It is invested in a synovial sheath
- It is formed from the soleus and gastrocnemius
- A bursa lies between the tendon and the upper third of the calcaneus
- A bursa lies between it and the deep fascia near its insertion
Answer: It inserts into the middle third of the posterior surface of the calcaneus

Explanation: The Achilles tendon is NOT invested in a synovial sheath (unlike many other tendons). It has bursae associated with it but no true synovial sheath.
Q34. Which of the following structures lies within the knee joint?
- Patellar ligament
- Tibial collateral ligament
- Fibular collateral ligament
- Tendon of popliteus
- Patellar retinacula
Answer: Patellar ligament

Explanation: The tendon of popliteus is intracapsular (within the fibrous capsule), passing through the joint. The collateral ligaments and patellar structures are extracapsular.
Q35. Following an injury to the leg, a patient is unable to dorsiflex their foot. Which nerve is most likely to be damaged?
- The deep branch of the common peroneal nerve
- The sural nerve
- The superficial branch of the common peroneal nerve
- The saphenous nerve
- None of the above
Answer: The deep branch of the common peroneal nerve

Explanation: The deep peroneal nerve supplies the anterior compartment muscles (tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus) which are responsible for dorsiflexion.
Q36. With respect to peroneus longus:
- It inserts into the base of the 5th metatarsal
- It is supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve
- It has a broad tendon that lies between the lateral malleolus and the tendon of peroneus brevis
- It arises from the upper two thirds of the tibia
- It is mainly supplied by L4 and L5 segments
Answer: It inserts into the base of the 5th metatarsal

Explanation: Peroneus longus is supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve (L5, S1). It inserts into the base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform (not 5th metatarsal - that's peroneus brevis). It arises from the fibula.
Q37. The stability of the weightbearing flexed knee is maintained by:
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Iliotibial tract
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Popliteus and posterior cruciate ligament
- Arcuate popliteal ligament and anterior cruciate ligament
Answer: Anterior cruciate ligament

Explanation: The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the primary stabilizer of the flexed, weight-bearing knee. It prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur when the knee is flexed.
Q38. Regarding the femoral triangle:
- The lateral border of the adductor longus makes up its medial boundary
- It is bisected by the femoral nerve
- The lateral border of sartorius muscle makes up its lateral boundary
- The long saphenous vein joins the femoral vein within the triangle
- Rectus femoris makes up part of the floor
Answer: The lateral border of the adductor longus makes up its medial boundary

Explanation: The great (long) saphenous vein pierces the cribriform fascia and joins the femoral vein within the femoral triangle at the saphenous opening.
Q39. Inversion of the foot is performed by which pair of muscles?
- Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
- Peroneus longus and tibialis posterior
- Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior
- Peroneus brevis and plantaris
- None of the above
Answer: Peroneus longus and peroneus brevis

Explanation: Inversion is performed by tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion + inversion) and tibialis posterior (plantarflexion + inversion). Peroneus muscles cause eversion.
Q40. The anterior tibial artery:
- Pierces the interosseous membrane
- Supplies the lateral compartment of the leg
- Lies lateral to the deep peroneal nerve
- Lies lateral to tibialis anterior
- Gives the nutrient artery to the tibia
Answer: Pierces the interosseous membrane

Explanation: The anterior tibial artery lies lateral to tibialis anterior in the anterior compartment. It pierces the interosseous membrane to enter the anterior compartment from the posterior, and lies medial to the deep peroneal nerve.
Q41. The suprapatellar bursa:
- Does not communicate with the knee joint
- Lies in front of the vastus intermedius muscle
- Extends 5cm or more above the patella
- Lies deep to the patellar retinacula
- None of the above
Answer: Does not communicate with the knee joint

Explanation: The suprapatellar bursa extends approximately 5cm (two finger breadths) above the patella, lying between the femur and quadriceps tendon. It communicates freely with the knee joint cavity.
Q42. Which of the following does NOT apply to the popliteus muscle?
- It inserts into the lateral meniscus of the knee joint
- It is innervated by the tibial nerve
- It acts to extend the knee joint
- It inserts into the lateral condyle of the femur
- It acts to laterally rotate the femur on the fixed tibia
Answer: It inserts into the lateral meniscus of the knee joint

Explanation: Popliteus FLEXES the knee and "unlocks" it by laterally rotating the femur on the fixed tibia (or medially rotating the tibia on the femur). It does NOT extend the knee.
Q43. A 30 year old man presents with adenopathy of the medial group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes on the right side. Which of the following is the primary site resulting in this finding?
- Right testis
- Right buttock
- The skin of the right lower limb
- The anal canal
- None of the above
Answer: Right testis

Explanation: Medial superficial inguinal nodes drain the perineum, including the lower anal canal, external genitalia (except testes), and lower vagina/urethra. Testes drain to para-aortic nodes.
Q44. Regarding the femoral artery:
- It enters the thigh directly beneath the deep inguinal ring
- It lies lateral to the femoral nerve in the femoral sheath
- It gives rise to the profunda femoris artery which pierces the femoral sheath
- Does not contribute to the trochanteric anastomosis
- Its branches include the superficial epigastric artery and the deep external pudendal artery
Answer: It enters the thigh directly beneath the deep inguinal ring

Explanation: The femoral artery gives superficial branches (superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial and deep external pudendal) and the profunda femoris. It enters at the mid-inguinal point and lies medial to the femoral nerve.
Q45. Regarding the popliteal fossa:
- The common peroneal nerve passes through the lateral part of the fossa
- It contains no lymph nodes
- It has a roof pierced by the tibial nerve
- The popliteal artery lies superficial to the popliteal vein throughout the fossa
- The small saphenous vein joins the popliteal vein before its entry into the fossa
Answer: The common peroneal nerve passes through the lateral part of the fossa

Explanation: The common peroneal nerve runs along the lateral border of the popliteal fossa (following biceps femoris tendon). The fossa contains lymph nodes, and the popliteal artery is the deepest structure.
Q46. Regarding the movements at the knee joint:
- Popliteus 'unlocks' the extended knee by producing medial rotation of the femur
- There is no active rotation of the extended knee
- Passive extension of the knee does not result in 'locking' of the joint
- The posterior cruciate ligament prevents backward displacement of the femur on the tibial plateau
- The major role of the menisci is in flexion/extension of the knee
Answer: Popliteus 'unlocks' the extended knee by producing medial rotation of the femur

Explanation: In full extension, the knee is "locked" and no active rotation is possible. Rotation only occurs when the knee is flexed. Popliteus unlocks the knee by laterally rotating the femur (or medially rotating the tibia).
Q47. The dorsalis pedis artery:
- Lies medial to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus
- Lies lateral to the digital branch of the deep peroneal nerve
- Crosses superficial to the tendon of extensor hallucis brevis
- Terminates at the arcuate artery
- Joins the lateral plantar artery to form the plantar arch
Answer: Lies medial to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus

Explanation: Dorsalis pedis passes into the sole through the first intermetatarsal space to join the lateral plantar artery, forming the deep plantar arch. It lies lateral to extensor hallucis longus and medial to the deep peroneal nerve.
Q48. A 25 year old man is unable to plantar flex his foot. The most likely cause is damage to:
- The superficial peroneal nerve
- The L5 nerve root
- The tibial nerve
- Soleus
- Gastrocnemius
Answer: The superficial peroneal nerve

Explanation: The tibial nerve supplies all the plantarflexors (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus). Damage to this nerve would cause loss of plantarflexion.
Q49. Which of the following is NOT a component of the second layer of the sole of the foot?
- Tendon of flexor hallucis longus
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor accessorius
- The lumbrical muscles
- Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Answer: Tendon of flexor hallucis longus

Explanation: The second layer consists of: flexor digitorum longus tendons, flexor hallucis longus tendon, quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius), and lumbricals. Abductor hallucis is in the first (superficial) layer.
Q50. Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the greater sciatic foramen?
- The sciatic nerve
- The pudendal nerve and vessels
- The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
- The inferior gluteal nerve and vessels
Answer: The sciatic nerve

Explanation: The nerve to obturator externus is a branch of the obturator nerve and passes through the obturator foramen, NOT the greater sciatic foramen. All others pass through the greater sciatic foramen.
Q51. The psoas muscle:
- Passes across the front of the capsule of the hip joint
- Is a powerful lateral rotator of the femur
- Inserts into the greater trochanter
- Is supplied by L4 and L5 nerve roots
- Arises from the iliac crest and sacroiliac joint
Answer: Passes across the front of the capsule of the hip joint

Explanation: Psoas major passes anterior to the hip joint capsule (separated by a bursa). It inserts into the lesser trochanter, is a hip flexor and weak lateral rotator, and is supplied by L1-3 nerve roots directly from the lumbar plexus.
Q52. The femoral nerve:
- Is formed from the anterior divisions of the anterior primary rami of L2-4
- Is formed from the same spinal segments as the obturator nerve
- Divides after passing through the femoral triangle
- Has no cutaneous branches other than the saphenous nerve
- Enters the thigh in the femoral sheath
Answer: Is formed from the anterior divisions of the anterior primary rami of L2-4

Explanation: Both femoral and obturator nerves are formed from L2, L3, L4. Femoral = posterior divisions; obturator = anterior divisions. Femoral nerve divides IN the femoral triangle and has multiple cutaneous branches.
Q53. The peroneus longus muscle:
- Passes superficial to the superior peroneal retinaculum
- Inserts into the styloid process of the fifth metatarsal bone
- Is supplied by the common peroneal nerve
- Assists in the maintenance of the lateral longitudinal arch
- Has no origin from the tibia
Answer: Passes superficial to the superior peroneal retinaculum

Explanation: Peroneus longus passes deep to the peroneal retinacula, inserts into the base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform, is supplied by superficial peroneal nerve, and supports the lateral longitudinal arch.
Q54. The short saphenous vein:
- Lies anterior to the lateral malleolus
- Is accompanied by the saphenous nerve
- Drains into the great saphenous vein
- Drains the lateral margin of the foot
- Lies deep to the deep fascia of the calf
Answer: Lies anterior to the lateral malleolus

Explanation: The short (small) saphenous vein drains the lateral foot and posterior calf. It passes posterior to the lateral malleolus, ascends in the midline of the calf, and drains into the popliteal vein.
Q55. Following a subcapital fracture of the neck of the femur, an 80 year old man sustains avascular necrosis of the femoral head. This is most likely to be the consequence of interruption to the blood supply to the head from which of the following sources:
- Arteries from trochanteric anastomosis in the retinacula
- Artery of the ligament of the head from the obturator artery
- Branches from the profunda femoris artery
- Branches from the pudendal artery
- Branches from the inferior gluteal artery
Answer: Arteries from trochanteric anastomosis in the retinacula

Explanation: The main blood supply to the femoral head comes from retinacular arteries (branches of medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries) that run along the femoral neck. Subcapital fractures interrupt these vessels, causing avascular necrosis.
Q56. Which structure does NOT pass under the inguinal ligament?
- Femoral vein
- Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
- Femoral nerve
- Femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve
- Great saphenous vein
Answer: Femoral vein

Explanation: The great saphenous vein does NOT pass under the inguinal ligament. It pierces the cribriform fascia in the saphenous opening BELOW the inguinal ligament to join the femoral vein.
Q57. Regarding the femoral triangle:
- Adductor magnus makes up part of the floor
- No motor branches of the femoral nerve leave the triangle to enter the sartorius canal
- The femoral artery occupies the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath
- The main cutaneous nerve supply of the skin overlying the triangle is by the ilioinguinal nerve
- The femoral vein lies medial to the femoral artery throughout the triangle
Answer: Adductor magnus makes up part of the floor

Explanation: In the femoral sheath, from lateral to medial: femoral artery (lateral compartment), femoral vein (intermediate compartment), femoral canal (medial compartment). Floor includes adductor longus, not magnus.
Q58. Regarding the femoral nerve, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
- The superficial group consists of two cutaneous and two muscular branches
- The nerve to the vastus medialis passes down on the medial side of the femoral artery
- The medial femoral cutaneous nerve belongs to the superficial group
- The saphenous nerve is the only cutaneous branch of the deep group of the femoral nerve
- The femoral nerve is formed from the posterior divisions of the ventral rami of the lumbar nerves 2, 3 and 4
Answer: The superficial group consists of two cutaneous and two muscular branches

Explanation: The nerve to vastus medialis passes down with the femoral vessels in the adductor canal, but it typically lies LATERAL (not medial) to the femoral artery.
Q59. Regarding the hip joint all of the following statements are true EXCEPT:
- The anterior fibres of the gluteus medius and minimus act as medial rotators of the hip joint
- The gluteus maximus is the most powerful lateral rotator of the hip joint
- The superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) emerges from the greater sciatic notch
- The iliofemoral ligament limits extension at the hip joint
Answer: The anterior fibres of the gluteus medius and minimus act as medial rotators of the hip joint

Explanation: Gluteus medius and minimus are supplied by the SUPERIOR gluteal nerve (not inferior). The inferior gluteal nerve supplies only gluteus maximus.
Q60. Regarding the popliteal fossa, which of the following statements is true?
- The common peroneal nerve slopes downwards lateral to the biceps tendon
- The sural nerve is a cutaneous branch of the common peroneal nerve
- The middle genicular artery of the popliteal artery supplies the cruciate ligaments
- The popliteus muscle is supplied by a branch of the common peroneal nerve
- The recurrent genicular nerve is a branch of the tibial nerve
Answer: The common peroneal nerve slopes downwards lateral to the biceps tendon

Explanation: The middle genicular artery pierces the posterior capsule to supply the cruciate ligaments and synovial membrane. The sural nerve is from the tibial nerve (not common peroneal), and popliteus is supplied by the tibial nerve.
Q61. Regarding the extensor compartment of the lower leg, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT:
- The tibialis anterior muscle is supplied by the deep peroneal and recurrent genicular nerves (L4)
- Extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius muscle lie lateral to tibialis anterior artery throughout
- The deep peroneal nerve arises within the peroneus longus muscle
- The extensor digitorum longus dorsiflexes the lateral toes
- The extensor hallucis longus arises from the middle two-fourths of the tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane
Answer: The tibialis anterior muscle is supplied by the deep peroneal and recurrent genicular nerves (L4)

Explanation: Extensor hallucis longus arises from the middle two-fourths of the FIBULA (not tibia) and the adjacent interosseous membrane. All other statements are correct.
Q62. Regarding the foot, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT:
- The tibialis posterior muscle inverts and adducts the forefoot
- The tibialis posterior muscle plantarflexes the ankle joint
- The tibialis anterior muscle dorsiflexes the ankle and inverts the foot
- All interossei muscles are supplied by the lateral plantar nerve
- Calcaneal branches of the deep peroneal nerve supply the skin of the heel
Answer: The tibialis posterior muscle inverts and adducts the forefoot

Explanation: The skin of the heel is supplied by calcaneal branches of the TIBIAL nerve (not deep peroneal). The deep peroneal nerve supplies skin only in the first web space.
Q63. The popliteal artery:
- Is superficial to the tibial nerve
- Extends from the hiatus in adductor longus
- Enters the popliteal fossa on lateral aspect of the femur
- Has four genicular branches in fossa
- Supplies the cruciate ligaments
Answer: Is superficial to the tibial nerve

Explanation: The popliteal artery gives the middle genicular artery which supplies the cruciate ligaments. It extends from the adductor hiatus in adductor MAGNUS (not longus), is the deepest structure in the fossa, and has 5 genicular branches.
Q64. The obturator nerve:
- Adductor magnus
- Obturator internus
- Quadratus femoris
- Sartorius
- Inferior gemellus
Answer: Adductor magnus

Explanation: The obturator nerve supplies the adductor compartment including adductor magnus (adductor part only - hamstring part is supplied by tibial nerve). It does NOT supply obturator internus, quadratus femoris, sartorius, or inferior gemellus.
Q65. Which of the following is correctly paired?
- Adductor brevis – femoral nerve
- Adductor longus – sciatic nerve
- Adductor magnus – saphenous nerve
- Adductor longus – obturator nerve
- Adductor magnus – femoral nerve
Answer: Adductor brevis – femoral nerve

Explanation: Adductor longus is supplied by the obturator nerve (anterior division). Adductor brevis is also obturator nerve. Adductor magnus has dual supply: obturator (adductor part) and tibial (hamstring part).
Q66. The anterior cruciate ligament:
- Lies within the synovial membrane of the knee joint
- Attaches from the anterior tibial plateau to the medial condyle of the femur
- Prevents forward displacement of the femur on the tibial plateau
- Produces lateral rotation of the femur in the 'screw home' position of full extension
- None of the above
Answer: Lies within the synovial membrane of the knee joint

Explanation: The ACL is intracapsular but EXTRAsynovial (covered by synovial membrane). It attaches to the LATERAL femoral condyle (not medial), prevents ANTERIOR displacement of the tibia on the femur, and initiates (but doesn't produce) screw-home mechanism.
Q67. The surface marking for the femoral nerve is:
- Midway between the A.S.I.S. and pubic tubercle
- Midway between the A.S.I.S. and pubic symphysis
- Medial to the femoral artery
- 2cm lateral and 2cm inferior to the pubic tubercle
- None of the above
Answer: Midway between the A.S.I.S. and pubic tubercle

Explanation: The femoral nerve lies approximately 1cm lateral to the femoral artery, which is at the mid-inguinal point (midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis). The nerve is therefore approximately midway between ASIS and pubic tubercle.
Q68. In the popliteal fossa, the deepest of these structures is:
- Popliteal vein
- Popliteal artery
- Tibial nerve
- Sural nerve
- Plantaris muscle
Answer: Popliteal vein

Explanation: From superficial to deep in the popliteal fossa: tibial nerve, popliteal vein, popliteal artery (deepest). Remember the mnemonic from lateral to medial: "Serve And Volley Next Ball" (Sural, Arteries, Vein, tibial Nerve, Biceps).
Q69. Which of the following bursae is most likely to communicate with the knee joint?
- Deep infrapatellar bursa
- Superficial infrapatellar bursa
- Prepatellar bursa
- Semimembranosus bursa
- Suprapatellar bursa
Answer: Deep infrapatellar bursa

Explanation: The suprapatellar bursa almost always communicates with the knee joint cavity. It extends 5cm above the patella between the femur and quadriceps tendon. The semimembranosus bursa may occasionally communicate.
Q70. In the femoral triangle:
- The femoral nerve emerges from the femoral sheath
- The saphenous nerve lies medial to the femoral artery at the apex
- The genitofemoral nerve pierces the anterior surface of the femoral sheath
- The profunda femoris artery arises from the medial aspect of the femoral artery
- The obturator nerve passes anterior to pectineus
Answer: The femoral nerve emerges from the femoral sheath

Explanation: The femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve pierces the anterior wall of the femoral sheath. The femoral nerve does NOT enter the sheath; it lies lateral to it. The profunda femoris arises from the lateral (not medial) aspect of the femoral artery.
Q71. The iliotibial tract is the conjoined aponeurosis of the tensor fasciae latae and:
- Gluteus minimus
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus maximus
- Camper's fascia
- Scarpa's fascia
Answer: Gluteus minimus

Explanation: The iliotibial tract receives insertions from both tensor fasciae latae (anteriorly) and gluteus maximus (posteriorly - about 75% of its fibers). It provides lateral knee stability and assists in hip movements.
Q72. Fourth lumbar nerve root supplies:
- Hip flexors
- Tibialis anterior
- Skin on the big toe
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)
Answer: Hip flexors

Explanation: L4 is the primary myotome for ankle dorsiflexion, mainly via tibialis anterior. L4 also contributes to knee extension (quadriceps). The big toe is L5 territory, and hip flexors are primarily L2-L3.
Q73. The base of Scarpa's femoral triangle is formed by:
- Sartorius
- Adductor longus
- Inguinal ligament
- Pubic tubercle
- None of the above
Answer: Sartorius

Explanation: The femoral triangle boundaries are: base (superior) = inguinal ligament; lateral border = medial edge of sartorius; medial border = medial edge of adductor longus; apex points inferiorly.
Q74. Passing through the greater sciatic notch deep to the sciatic nerve is which of the following?
- Internal pudendal vessels and nerve
- Inferior gemellus muscle
- Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
- Nerve to quadratus femoris
- None of the above
Answer: Internal pudendal vessels and nerve

Explanation: The nerve to quadratus femoris passes deep to (anterior to) the sciatic nerve. The pudendal nerve and vessels pass superficial to the sciatic nerve before hooking around the sacrospinous ligament.
Q75. The femoral vein lies …….. to the femoral artery in the femoral sheath:
- Lateral
- Medial
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Femoral vein is not in the femoral sheath
Answer: Lateral

Explanation: Within the femoral sheath, from lateral to medial: femoral artery (lateral compartment), femoral vein (intermediate compartment), femoral canal (medial compartment). The vein is therefore medial to the artery.
Q76. The main function of gluteus maximus is which of the following:
- A site for injections
- A cushion for sitting
- A flexor of the hip
- A lateral rotator of the hip
- None of the above
Answer: A site for injections

Explanation: The primary function of gluteus maximus is hip extension and lateral rotation. It's most active during climbing stairs, rising from sitting, and running. Options A and B describe incidental features, not functions.
Q77. Tensor fascia latae:
- Is quadrangular in shape
- Is supplied by the femoral nerve
- Extends the hip
- Is an atavistic remnant of the panniculus carnosus muscle
- Lies edge to edge with sartorius at the anterior superior iliac spine
Answer: Is quadrangular in shape

Explanation: Tensor fasciae latae and sartorius both arise from the ASIS region and lie adjacent to each other. TFL is supplied by the superior gluteal nerve (not femoral), and it flexes (not extends) the hip.
Q78. The superior gluteal nerve supplies:
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fascia latae
- None of the above
- All of the above
Answer: Gluteus medius

Explanation: The superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1) supplies all three muscles: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae. These are the hip abductors essential for normal gait.
Q79. The hamstring muscles originate from:
- Body of the ischium
- Ramus of the pubis
- Iliac crest
- Ischial tuberosity
- Symphysis pubis
Answer: Body of the ischium

Explanation: The hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps femoris) arise from the ischial tuberosity. The short head of biceps femoris arises from the femur and is not a true hamstring.
Q80. The upper tibial epiphysis appears at:
- Birth
- 1 year
- 2 years
- 3 years
- Puberty
Answer: Birth

Explanation: The proximal tibial epiphysis is present at birth (one of the few lower limb epiphyses present at birth, along with distal femur). It fuses with the shaft around 16-18 years of age.
Q81. At birth:
- All the tarsal bones are ossified
- Only calcaneus is ossified
- Calcaneus and talus are ossified
- Calcaneus, talus and cuboid are ossified
- None of the above
Answer: All the tarsal bones are ossified

Explanation: At birth, three tarsal bones are ossified: calcaneus, talus, and cuboid. The other tarsal bones ossify postnatally (navicular around 3 years, cuneiforms 1-3 years).
Q82. Which of the following is found in the popliteal fossa?
- Sciatic nerve
- Femoral vein
- Common peroneal nerve
- Femoral artery
- Saphenous nerve
Answer: Sciatic nerve

Explanation: The common peroneal nerve runs along the lateral border of the popliteal fossa (following the medial border of biceps femoris tendon). The sciatic nerve typically divides above the fossa, and the femoral vessels are in the anterior thigh.
Q83. The short saphenous vein passes below and behind the:
- Medial malleolus
- Lateral malleolus
- Medial epicondyle
- Lateral epicondyle
- Greater trochanter
Answer: Medial malleolus

Explanation: The small (short) saphenous vein passes posterior to the lateral malleolus, ascends the midline of the calf, and typically drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.
Q84. When standing, the knee joint is locked in extension by:
- Lateral rotation of the tibia
- Medial rotation of the femur
- Tightening of the medial ligament
- Tightening of the lateral ligament
- Tension in the oblique popliteal ligament
Answer: Lateral rotation of the tibia

Explanation: The "screw-home" mechanism locks the knee in full extension through medial rotation of the femur on the fixed tibia (or lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur). This provides maximum stability for standing.
Q85. The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh:
- Consists only of S2, 3
- Travels most of its course superficial to the fascia lata
- Innervates a small area on the labia majora
- Emerges above piriformis
- None of the above
Answer: Consists only of S2, 3

Explanation: The posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-3) gives perineal branches that supply the scrotum/labia majora. It travels deep to fascia lata initially, then pierces it to become superficial. It emerges below (not above) piriformis.
Q86. The deep peroneal nerve supplies:
- Skin between the first and second toes
- Skin between the second and third toes
- Skin on the medial side of the shin
- Skin on the dorsolateral side of the foot
- The great toe only
Answer: Skin between the first and second toes

Explanation: The deep peroneal nerve has a very limited cutaneous distribution: only the skin of the first web space (between the first and second toes). It primarily supplies the anterior compartment muscles.
Q87. Attached to lateral meniscus is which of the following:
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Lateral ligament of the knee
- Mucous fold
- Popliteus muscle
- Oblique popliteal ligament
Answer: Posterior cruciate ligament

Explanation: The tendon of popliteus attaches to the lateral meniscus (posterior horn). The lateral (fibular) collateral ligament does NOT attach to the lateral meniscus, unlike the medial collateral which attaches to the medial meniscus.
Q88. The obturator nerve is derived from the anterior rami of:
- T12, L1 and L2
- L1, L2 and L3
- L2, L3 and L4
- L3, L4 and S1
- None of the above
Answer: T12, L1 and L2

Explanation: The obturator nerve arises from the anterior divisions of the anterior rami of L2, L3, and L4 (same spinal segments as the femoral nerve, but from anterior divisions instead of posterior).
Q89. The skin crease of the hip:
- Is where the inguinal ligament is attached to the fascia lata
- Is where the external oblique aponeurosis is joined to Scarpa's fascia
- Is where Scarpa's fascia is attached to the fascia lata
- Is mainly supplied by the femoral nerve
- None of the above
Answer: Is where the inguinal ligament is attached to the fascia lata

Explanation: The skin crease of the groin corresponds to where Scarpa's fascia (membranous layer of superficial fascia) fuses with the fascia lata of the thigh, just below the inguinal ligament.
Q90. Peroneus tertius:
- Acts only to evert the foot
- Arises from the lower anterior part of the tibia
- May insert into the neck of the fifth metatarsal
- Passes superficial to the extensor retinaculum
- Is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve
Answer: Acts only to evert the foot

Explanation: Peroneus tertius typically inserts into the base (or occasionally the neck/shaft) of the fifth metatarsal. It arises from the lower fibula (not tibia), passes deep to the extensor retinaculum, is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve, and both dorsiflexes and everts the foot.
Q91. Structures closely related to long saphenous vein at ankle include which of the following?
- Major perforating veins to deep venous system
- A branch of the femoral nerve
- Medial superficial lymphatic trunks
- A branch of the anterior tibial nerve
- Dorsalis pedis artery
Answer: Major perforating veins to deep venous system

Explanation: The great saphenous vein is accompanied by medial superficial lymphatic vessels throughout its course. At the ankle, it's accompanied by the saphenous nerve (a branch of the femoral nerve, but not the femoral nerve itself).
Q92. The only muscle to cross the anterior tibial artery is:
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Extensor hallucis brevis
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Tibialis anterior
Answer: Extensor hallucis longus

Explanation: Extensor hallucis longus crosses over the anterior tibial artery from lateral to medial in the lower leg. This creates the relationship where, at the ankle, the artery lies lateral to extensor hallucis longus.
Q93. The dorsalis pedis artery is:
- Lateral to extensor hallucis longus at the ankle
- Medial to extensor hallucis longus at the ankle
- Medial to tibialis anterior at the ankle
- Found perforating the first metatarsal space and joining with the medial plantar artery
- Lateral to the digital branch of the deep peroneal nerve
Answer: Lateral to extensor hallucis longus at the ankle

Explanation: The dorsalis pedis artery (continuation of anterior tibial artery) lies lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus and medial to the deep peroneal nerve. It joins the lateral plantar artery (not medial) to form the plantar arch.
Q94. Features of the fibula include which of the following?
- It is on the medial side of the tibia
- Its medial surface is grooved for the origin of tibialis posterior
- It is ossified from five centres
- It does not provide origin for flexor digitorum longus
- Its lower third is rough for the origin of soleus
Answer: It is on the medial side of the tibia

Explanation: The medial surface of the fibula gives origin to tibialis posterior. The fibula is lateral to the tibia, ossifies from three centres (not five), does provide some origin for flexor digitorum longus, and soleus arises from the upper (not lower) fibula.
Q95. Which of the following is true of the saphenous nerve?
- Is predominantly from L2
- Supplies adductor magnus
- Pierces the deep fascia in the femoral triangle
- Is cutaneous only
- Terminates just below the knee
Answer: Is predominantly from L2

Explanation: The saphenous nerve is purely sensory (cutaneous only). It's predominantly from L3-L4, pierces the fascia lata in the lower leg (not in the femoral triangle), and extends down to the medial side of the foot.
Q96. The superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac and deep external pudendal arteries are all branches of:
- Profunda femoris
- Popliteal
- Internal iliac
- External iliac
- None of the above
Answer: Profunda femoris

Explanation: These are all superficial branches of the femoral artery (not profunda femoris). They arise just below the inguinal ligament and supply the lower abdominal wall and external genitalia.
Q97. Which of the following is NOT a branch of the profunda femoris artery?
- Medial femoral circumflex
- Lateral femoral circumflex
- Popliteal
- Perforating
- All are branches of the profunda
Answer: Medial femoral circumflex

Explanation: The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery beyond the adductor hiatus—it's NOT a branch of the profunda femoris. The profunda gives off the circumflex femoral arteries and four perforating arteries.
Q98. The long saphenous vein:
- Passes anterior to the inguinal ligament
- Passes posteriorly to the medial malleolus
- Ascends the lateral side of the leg
- Receives tributaries from the perineum
- Is in close relation with the saphenous nerve throughout the length of its course
Answer: Passes anterior to the inguinal ligament

Explanation: The great saphenous vein receives superficial external pudendal tributaries that drain the perineum. It passes anterior (not posterior) to the medial malleolus, ascends the medial leg, and is only accompanied by the saphenous nerve in the lower leg.
Q99. The chief dorsiflexor of the ankle joint:
- Peroneus tertius
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
- None of the above
Answer: Peroneus tertius

Explanation: Tibialis anterior is the most powerful dorsiflexor of the ankle. While extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius also contribute to dorsiflexion, tibialis anterior is the primary muscle.
Q100. Iliopsoas:
- Supplied by obturator nerve
- Medial rotator of hip
- Synergist of quadriceps femoris
- Lateral rotator of hip
- None of the above
Answer: Supplied by obturator nerve

Explanation: Iliopsoas is a weak medial rotator of the hip (though its primary action is hip flexion). It's supplied by branches of the lumbar plexus (L1-3) and femoral nerve, not the obturator nerve.
Q101. The lumbar plexus is formed by ventral primary rami of:
- T12, L1, L2 and L3
- L1, L2, L3 and L4
- L2, L3, L4 and L5
- L2, L4, L5 and S1
- Formed by dorsal primary rami
Answer: T12, L1, L2 and L3

Explanation: The lumbar plexus is formed by the anterior (ventral) primary rami of L1, L2, L3, and L4 (with a small contribution from T12). L4 also contributes to the lumbosacral trunk.
Q102. The cutaneous nerve supplying the medial aspect of the calf is:
- Anterior femoral cutaneous
- Sural
- Superficial peroneal
- Saphenous
- Posterior femoral cutaneous
Answer: Anterior femoral cutaneous

Explanation: The saphenous nerve (terminal branch of the femoral nerve) supplies the skin over the medial leg from knee to medial malleolus and medial foot. The sural nerve supplies the lateral calf and foot.
Q103. The nerve supply to the knee joint comes from:
- Sciatic
- Femoral
- Obturator
- All of these
- None of these
Answer: Sciatic

Explanation: Following Hilton's law, the knee joint receives innervation from all nerves that supply muscles crossing the joint: femoral nerve (quadriceps), obturator nerve (adductors), and sciatic nerve via its tibial and common peroneal divisions.
Q104. The most powerful extensor of the hip is:
- Gluteus maximus
- Psoas major
- Iliacus
- Obturator externus
- Piriformis
Answer: Gluteus maximus

Explanation: Gluteus maximus is the strongest and most powerful extensor of the hip. It's particularly active during stair climbing, running, and rising from a seated position. Psoas and iliacus are hip flexors.
Q105. Which of the following is not an action of gracilis?
- Adduction of thigh
- Flexion of knee
- Extension of thigh
- Medial rotation of the flexed knee
- None of these
Answer: Adduction of thigh

Explanation: Gracilis does NOT extend the thigh—it's a hip adductor and assists with knee flexion and medial rotation of the flexed knee. Extension of the hip is performed by gluteus maximus and the hamstrings.
Q106. Obturator externus:
- Is pierced by femoral circumflex artery
- External rotator of hip
- Internal rotator of hip
- Hip flexor
- Supplied by S1
Answer: Is pierced by femoral circumflex artery

Explanation: Obturator externus is a lateral (external) rotator of the hip. It's supplied by the posterior division of the obturator nerve (L3, L4). It spirals posteriorly beneath the femoral neck.
Q107. The intermediate cutaneous nerve of the thigh:
- Arises from the sacral plexus
- Is a branch of the obturator nerve
- Pierces sartorius
- Extends beneath the knee
- Arises independently of the medial cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Answer: Arises from the sacral plexus

Explanation: The intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve (branch of the femoral nerve) pierces the fascia lata and sartorius to supply the anterior thigh skin. It arises from the same trunk as the medial femoral cutaneous nerve.
Q108. The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of:
- Anterior perforating branch of posterior tibial
- Anterior tibial
- Popliteal
- Femoral
- Peroneal
Answer: Anterior perforating branch of posterior tibial

Explanation: The dorsalis pedis artery is the direct continuation of the anterior tibial artery as it crosses the ankle joint onto the dorsum of the foot.
Q109. The lateral aspect of the thigh has a cutaneous nerve supply derived from:
- L2 and 3
- L3 and 4
- L5, S1 and S2
- L4, L5 and S1
- S1 and S2
Answer: L2 and 3

Explanation: The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh) arises from L2 and L3. It passes under or through the inguinal ligament near the ASIS to supply the lateral thigh.
Q110. The sole of the foot has a cutaneous nerve supply derived from:
- L4, L5, S1 and S2
- L5 and S1
- L4, L5 and S1
- L4 and L5
- L5, S1 and S2
Answer: L4, L5, S1 and S2

Explanation: The plantar aspect of the foot is supplied by the medial and lateral plantar nerves (branches of the tibial nerve), which are derived primarily from L5 and S1 nerve roots.
Q111. The adductor (subsartorial) canal of Hunter is bounded laterally by:
- Adductor longus
- Adductor magnus
- Vastus medialis
- Sartorius
- Femoral vein
Answer: Adductor longus

Explanation: The adductor canal is bounded by: vastus medialis laterally, adductor longus and magnus medially (floor), and sartorius anteriorly (roof). The femoral vessels and saphenous nerve pass through it.
Q112. In the upper part of the popliteal fossa the following are found from medial to lateral:
- Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, sciatic nerve
- Popliteal vein, popliteal artery, sciatic nerve
- Sciatic nerve, popliteal artery, popliteal vein
- Sciatic nerve, popliteal vein, popliteal artery
- Popliteal artery, sciatic nerve, popliteal vein
Answer: Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, sciatic nerve

Explanation: In the upper popliteal fossa, from medial to lateral: popliteal artery (deepest), popliteal vein (intermediate), tibial nerve (most superficial/lateral). The sciatic nerve typically divides above the fossa.
Q113. Flexor digitorum longus:
- Lies superficial to tibialis posterior
- Muscle belly lies medial to flexor hallucis longus
- Arises from both tibia and fibula
- Has communications with flexor hallucis longus
- All of the above
Answer: Lies superficial to tibialis posterior

Explanation: All statements are correct. Flexor digitorum longus lies superficial to tibialis posterior, its muscle belly is medial to FHL, it arises from the tibia (and occasionally fibula), and its tendons receive slips from FHL in the sole.
Q114. Posterior tibial artery:
- Arises at the upper border of popliteus
- Has no accompanying sympathetic nerve plexus
- Lies posterior to flexor digitorum longus under flexor retinaculum
- Lies on peroneus brevis for part of its course
- All of the above
Answer: Arises at the upper border of popliteus

Explanation: Under the flexor retinaculum, from anterior to posterior: tibialis posterior tendon, flexor digitorum longus tendon, posterior tibial artery, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus tendon. The artery arises at the lower border of popliteus.
Q115. Flexor digitorum longus:
- Crosses deep to tibialis posterior in calf
- Crosses superficial to flexor hallucis longus in sole
- Is an evertor of the foot
- Supplied by musculocutaneous nerve
- Supplied by L5 nerve root
Answer: Crosses deep to tibialis posterior in calf

Explanation: In the sole, flexor digitorum longus crosses superficial (plantar) to flexor hallucis longus before dividing into four tendons. It's supplied by the tibial nerve (S2, S3), and is an invertor (not evertor).
Q116. The long saphenous vein:
- Lies deep to the deep fascia only near its termination
- Normally drains blood from deep veins
- Communicates with the deep venous system only indirectly
- Normally receives blood from the deep venous system
- Has no valves other than at saphenofemoral junction
Answer: Lies deep to the deep fascia only near its termination

Explanation: The great saphenous vein pierces the fascia lata (becomes deep) only at the saphenous opening before joining the femoral vein. It normally drains TO (not from) the deep system through perforating veins, and has multiple valves along its course.
Q117. Concerning the talus:
- Blood supply to body enters only through the dorsum of the neck
- Superior articular facet is broader posteriorly than anteriorly
- Articulates with cuboid
- Has no muscles attached
- All of the above
Answer: Blood supply to body enters only through the dorsum of the neck

Explanation: The talus is unique in having NO muscle attachments. Blood supply enters through multiple sites (not just the neck), the superior facet is broader anteriorly (for dorsiflexion stability), and it doesn't articulate with the cuboid.
Q118. Concerning the ankle:
- Movements of dorsi and plantarflexion only are possible
- Communicates with inferior tibiofibular joint
- Communicates with posterior subtalar joint
- Dorsiflexion accompanied by some eversion
- Can be plantarflexed by flexor hallucis longus
Answer: Movements of dorsi and plantarflexion only are possible

Explanation: Flexor hallucis longus assists with plantarflexion at the ankle. The ankle joint is primarily a hinge joint (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion), doesn't communicate with the subtalar joint, and dorsiflexion is accompanied by slight abduction/eversion at the subtalar joint.
Q119. At the ankle, the posterior tibial nerve:
- Has no further motor branches
- Has no further cutaneous branches
- Lies anterior to the artery
- Lies anterior to flexor hallucis longus
- None of the above
Answer: Has no further motor branches

Explanation: Under the flexor retinaculum at the ankle, the tibial nerve lies anterior to (more superficial than) flexor hallucis longus. It divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves, which have both motor and cutaneous branches.
Q120. Biceps femoris:
- Inserts partially into the tibial condyle
- Has intramuscular tendon
- Attached proximally to the ilium
- Supplied by L4
- Shares its origin with semimembranosus
Answer: Inserts partially into the tibial condyle

Explanation: Biceps femoris inserts mainly into the head of the fibula, but some fibers insert into the lateral tibial condyle. It has an intramuscular tendon, the long head shares origin with semitendinosus (not semimembranosus), and it's supplied by L5, S1, S2.
Q121. Common peroneal nerve:
- Supplies the knee joint
- Supplies semitendinosus
- Supplies skin on sole
- All of the above
- None of the above
Answer: Supplies the knee joint

Explanation: The common peroneal nerve gives articular branches to the knee joint (following Hilton's law). It does NOT supply semitendinosus (that's the tibial nerve) or the sole of the foot (that's also tibial nerve territory).
Q122. On the front of the ankle joint, the tendon of extensor hallucis longus:
- Is medial to tibialis anterior
- Is medial to deep peroneal nerve
- Is lateral to extensor digitorum longus
- Possesses no synovial sheath
- Is lateral to extensor hallucis brevis
Answer: Is medial to tibialis anterior

Explanation: At the ankle, from medial to lateral: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, deep peroneal nerve, anterior tibial artery/dorsalis pedis, extensor digitorum longus. EHL is medial to the deep peroneal nerve and has a synovial sheath.
Q123. Iliofemoral ligament:
- Limits hip flexion
- Limits hip extension
- Limits hip adduction
- Limits hip internal rotation
- None of the above
Answer: Limits hip flexion

Explanation: The iliofemoral ligament (Y-ligament of Bigelow) is the strongest ligament in the body. It becomes taut in extension, thereby limiting hip extension and hyperextension. It also limits external rotation and some adduction.
Q124. At the upper end of the femur:
- Gluteus maximus is attached to a ridge on the posterior surface
- Gluteus medius is attached to the anterior surface of the greater trochanter
- The three secondary centres of ossification fuse together before joining the shaft
- The posterior part of the capsular ligament is attached to the intertrochanteric crest
- Main nutrient artery enters the bone
Answer: Gluteus maximus is attached to a ridge on the posterior surface

Explanation: Gluteus maximus inserts into the gluteal tuberosity (ridge on posterior femur) and the iliotibial tract. Gluteus medius attaches to the lateral (not anterior) surface of the greater trochanter. The capsule attaches to the intertrochanteric line anteriorly, not the crest posteriorly.
Q125. Medial longitudinal plantar arch:
- Raised by peroneus longus
- Maintained by ligamentum bifurcation
- Maintained by talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
- All of the above
- None of the above
Answer: Raised by peroneus longus

Explanation: The medial longitudinal arch is supported by: spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular), long and short plantar ligaments, plantar aponeurosis, tibialis posterior, and flexor hallucis longus. Peroneus longus supports the lateral arch and transverse arch.
Q126. The femoral nerve:
- Continues as a cutaneous branch which runs along the lateral border of the foot
- Supplies iliacus muscle
- Supplies psoas muscle
- Supplies obturator externus muscle
- Lies within the femoral sheath
Answer: Continues as a cutaneous branch which runs along the lateral border of the foot

Explanation: The femoral nerve supplies iliacus in the abdomen/pelvis. Psoas is supplied directly by L1-3 nerve roots (not the femoral nerve), obturator externus is supplied by the obturator nerve, and the femoral nerve does NOT lie within the femoral sheath.
Q127. Rectus femoris muscle:
- Occupies an intermediate plane in the quadriceps muscle mass
- Arises from the anterior superior iliac spine
- Has two heads of origin
- Supplied by ilioinguinal nerve
- None of the above
Answer: Occupies an intermediate plane in the quadriceps muscle mass

Explanation: Rectus femoris has two heads of origin: straight head (from anterior inferior iliac spine) and reflected head (from ilium above acetabulum). It's the most superficial quadriceps muscle, and is supplied by the femoral nerve (not ilioinguinal).
Q128. The deep fascia of the thigh:
- Is attached to the inguinal ligament
- Is mostly superficial to the long saphenous vein
- Receives the insertion of the whole of the gluteus maximus
- Receives the insertion of the whole of sartorius
- Is less dense than the deep fascia of the upper arm
Answer: Is attached to the inguinal ligament

Explanation: The fascia lata is attached superiorly to the inguinal ligament, iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx. The great saphenous vein is superficial to it (except at the saphenous opening). Only about 75% of gluteus maximus inserts into the iliotibial tract.
Q129. Biceps femoris muscle:
- Has a common origin with semitendinosus from the ischial tuberosity
- Has a short head attached to the femur medial to the attachment of adductor magnus
- Is entirely innervated by common peroneal nerve
- Is deep to the common peroneal nerve
- Is a lateral rotator of the leg on the thigh when the leg is fully extended at the knee joint
Answer: Has a common origin with semitendinosus from the ischial tuberosity

Explanation: The long head of biceps femoris and semitendinosus share a common tendinous origin from the ischial tuberosity. The short head arises lateral (not medial) to adductor magnus. The long head is supplied by tibial nerve, short head by common peroneal. The common peroneal nerve runs along the medial border of biceps tendon.
Q130. The pudendal nerve:
- Leaves the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen
- Enters the perineum lateral to the nerve to the obturator internus muscle
- Runs in the roof of the ischiorectal fossa
- Is sensory to the skin of the scrotum
- Innervates the internal rectal sphincter
Answer: Leaves the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen

Explanation: The pudendal nerve (S2-4) provides sensory innervation to the perineum including scrotal/labial skin. It leaves through the GREATER sciatic foramen, hooks around the sacrospinous ligament, and re-enters through the lesser sciatic foramen. It runs in the lateral wall (pudendal canal) not the roof of the ischiorectal fossa.
Q131. The sciatic nerve in the gluteal region:
- Rests directly on ischium
- Is accompanied by posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
- Supplies obturator internus
- Supplies quadratus femoris
- None of the above
Answer: Rests directly on ischium

Explanation: The sciatic nerve can rest directly on the ischium when seated, making it vulnerable to compression. It's accompanied by the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh. It does NOT supply obturator internus (nerve to obturator internus does) or quadratus femoris (nerve to quadratus femoris does).
Q132. Short saphenous vein:
- Perforates the deep fascia in the midcalf
- Medial to the tendo achilles
- More valves than the long saphenous
- None of the above
- All of the above
Answer: Perforates the deep fascia in the midcalf

Explanation: The small saphenous vein perforates the deep fascia in the popliteal fossa (not midcalf) to drain into the popliteal vein. It ascends in the midline of the calf (between the two heads of gastrocnemius), posterior and lateral to tendo achilles.
Q133. Pectineus:
- Medial rotator of hip
- Sometimes supplied by obturator nerve
- Flexor of hip
- All of the above
- None of the above
Answer: Medial rotator of hip

Explanation: All are correct. Pectineus is a hip flexor and adductor, assists with medial rotation, and has a dual nerve supply—primarily femoral nerve, but frequently receives additional supply from the obturator nerve (anterior division).
Q134. The segmental supply to the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh is:
- S3, 4
- L4, 5
- S1, 2, 3
- L4, 5 and S1
- None of the above
Answer: S3, 4

Explanation: The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh (posterior femoral cutaneous nerve) arises from S1, S2, and S3. It provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior thigh and gives perineal branches.
Q135. Long saphenous vein:
- Is deep to the deep fascia for most of its course
- Drains the medial side of the leg between tibia and tendo calcaneus
- Arises in the femoral triangle
- None of the above
Answer: Is deep to the deep fascia for most of its course

Explanation: The superficial circumflex iliac vein is a tributary of the great saphenous vein near its termination. The vein is superficial to deep fascia for most of its course (only pierces it at saphenous opening), and arises from the medial end of the dorsal venous arch of the foot.
Q136. Attached to proximal tibial epiphysis:
- The whole of the medial collateral ligament of the knee
- Sartorius
- Ligamentum patellae
- Popliteus
- Semitendinosus
Answer: The whole of the medial collateral ligament of the knee

Explanation: The patellar ligament (ligamentum patellae) attaches to the tibial tuberosity on the proximal tibia. Sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus form the pes anserinus and attach to the medial tibial shaft (below the epiphyseal line). The medial collateral ligament attaches below the epiphysis.
Q137. Emerging from lesser sciatic foramen:
- Piriformis
- Superior gemellus
- Obturator internus
- Inferior gemellus
- Obturator externus
Answer: Piriformis

Explanation: Obturator internus exits the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen after passing through the greater sciatic foramen into the gluteal region. The nerve to obturator internus and the pudendal neurovascular bundle also pass through the lesser sciatic foramen.
Q138. If the common peroneal nerve is divided the following are lost:
- Plantar flexion of toes
- Inversion of foot
- Dorsiflexion of foot
- Plantar flexion of foot
- There is no loss of cutaneous sensation
Answer: Plantar flexion of toes

Explanation: Common peroneal nerve injury results in foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion) due to paralysis of the anterior compartment. Eversion is also lost (lateral compartment). Plantarflexion and inversion are preserved (posterior compartment - tibial nerve). There is cutaneous sensory loss over dorsum of foot and lateral leg.
Q139. Flexor hallucis longus muscle:
- Is attached to the tibia
- Has a tendon which in the sole, is superficial to that of flexor digitorum longus
- Is a unipennate muscle
- Is attached to the proximal phalanx of the great toe
- None of the above
Answer: Is attached to the tibia

Explanation: Flexor hallucis longus arises from the fibula (not tibia), its tendon passes deep to (not superficial to) flexor digitorum longus in the sole, it's a multipennate muscle, and it inserts into the distal (not proximal) phalanx of the great toe.
Q140. Middle cuneiform:
- Articulates with talus
- Articulates with the third metatarsal
- Receives portion of insertion of tibialis anterior
- Gives attachment to short plantar ligament
- None of the above
Answer: Articulates with talus

Explanation: The middle (intermediate) cuneiform articulates with the second metatarsal (not third), navicular, and the medial and lateral cuneiforms. It does NOT articulate with the talus. Tibialis anterior inserts into the medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal. The short plantar ligament attaches to the calcaneus and cuboid.
Q141. Profunda femoris artery:
- First branch from femoral artery
- Main arterial supply to leg
- Spirals down from lateral side of the femoral artery and runs behind the upper border of adductor longus
- Lies between obturator externus and adductor magnus
- None of the above
Answer: First branch from femoral artery

Explanation: The profunda femoris artery arises from the posterolateral aspect of the femoral artery (about 3-4 cm below the inguinal ligament), spirals behind adductor longus, and descends in the posterior thigh. It's the main arterial supply to the thigh (not leg). The femoral artery continues as the popliteal to supply the leg.
Q142. Talus:
- Receives all its blood supply to the body through dorsal aspect of neck
- Gives attachment to spring ligament
- Posterior aspect of body grooved by flexor hallucis longus
- Gives partial origin to abductor hallucis
- None of the above
Answer: Receives all its blood supply to the body through dorsal aspect of neck

Explanation: The posterior surface of the talus has a groove for the tendon of flexor hallucis longus. The talus receives blood supply from multiple sources (not just through the neck), the spring ligament attaches to the navicular and calcaneus (not talus), and no muscles originate from the talus.
Q143. Gluteus maximus:
- Superficial muscle of buttock characterized by small fibre size
- 90% of muscle inserts into upper end of iliotibial tract
- Four bursae lie beneath the muscle
- Shared common nerve supply with gluteus medius
- Blood supply from both superior and inferior gluteal artery
Answer: Superficial muscle of buttock characterized by small fibre size

Explanation: Gluteus maximus receives blood supply from both the superior and inferior gluteal arteries. It has large (not small) muscle fibers, about 75% (not 90%) inserts into the iliotibial tract, it has three (not four) bursae beneath it, and it's supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve (while medius is supplied by superior gluteal).
Q144. Piriformis is the key to gluteal region. Which relation is not TRUE?
- In buttock, lower border lies alongside superior gemellus
- Converges to tendon and inserts on upper border of greater trochanter
- Emerges through greater sciatic foramen with superior gluteal nerve and vessel above it
- Emerges through the greater sciatic foramen with pudendal nerve and vessels deep to it
- Emerges through greater sciatic foramen with sciatic nerve on its surface
Answer: In buttock, lower border lies alongside superior gemellus

Explanation: The pudendal nerve and vessels pass SUPERFICIAL to (not deep to) piriformis in the gluteal region before hooking around the sacrospinous ligament. Structures above piriformis: superior gluteal nerve and vessels. Structures below: inferior gluteal vessels, sciatic nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, pudendal vessels and nerve.
Q145. Of the hip joint ligaments and capsule:
- Capsule attaches circumferentially to neck of femur at anterior trochanteric line
- Retinacular fibres of capsule bind down nutrient vessels from cruciate anastomosis
- Iliofemoral ligament becomes taut on medial rotation and extension
- All three ligaments attach to capsule and completely enclose joint
- Psoas major tendon separates capsule from femoral nerve
Answer: Capsule attaches circumferentially to neck of femur at anterior trochanteric line

Explanation: The iliofemoral ligament becomes taut in extension and lateral rotation (or medial rotation depending on fiber orientation). The capsule attaches to the intertrochanteric line anteriorly but posteriorly only covers the medial two-thirds of the neck. Psoas separates the capsule from the femoral artery (not nerve).
Q146. Superficial cutaneous nerves supplying the thigh include the following EXCEPT:
- Ilioinguinal nerve
- Saphenous nerve
- Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
- Medial femoral cutaneous nerve
- Intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve
Answer: Ilioinguinal nerve

Explanation: While the saphenous nerve does supply skin, it's primarily a nerve of the LEG (medial leg and foot), not the thigh. The other nerves listed all provide cutaneous innervation to thigh skin.
Q147. The flexor compartment of the thigh contains which of the following muscles?
- Gluteus maximus
- Adductor magnus
- Gracilis
- Semimembranosus
- Rectus femoris
Answer: Gluteus maximus

Explanation: Semimembranosus is in the posterior (flexor/hamstring) compartment of the thigh. Gluteus maximus is in the gluteal region, adductor magnus and gracilis are in the medial compartment, and rectus femoris is in the anterior (extensor) compartment.
Q148. Which of the following is true of the great saphenous vein?
- It passes posterior to the medial malleolus
- It runs behind the lateral border of the tibia
- It passes through the cribriform fascia covering the saphenous opening below the inguinal ligament
- It joins the femoral vein from the anterolateral side
- It has no tributaries
Answer: It passes posterior to the medial malleolus

Explanation: The great saphenous vein pierces the cribriform fascia (thin perforated fascia) in the saphenous opening to join the femoral vein. It passes ANTERIOR to the medial malleolus, runs along the medial (not lateral) border of the tibia, joins the femoral vein from the anteromedial side, and has multiple tributaries.
Q149. Which is not an origin of vastus lateralis?
- Upper half of the intertrochanteric line
- Aponeurosis of tensor fascia lata
- Lateral lip of the linea aspera
- Upper two thirds of the lateral supracondylar line of femur
- Lateral intermuscular septum
Answer: Upper half of the intertrochanteric line

Explanation: Vastus lateralis does NOT arise from the aponeurosis of tensor fasciae latae. It arises from the intertrochanteric line, greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line, and lateral intermuscular septum.
Q150. Regarding the adductor canal:
- It contains the nerve to vastus intermedius
- Contents leave by piercing adductor longus
- The femoral artery is always between the saphenous nerve and femoral vein in the thigh
- Below the adductor hiatus, the canal is occupied by the saphenous nerve and the descending genicular artery
- At the adductor hiatus, the femoral vein is medial to the artery
Answer: It contains the nerve to vastus intermedius

Explanation: Throughout the adductor canal, the femoral artery lies between the saphenous nerve (lateral/anterior) and the femoral vein (medial/posterior). The canal contains the nerve to vastus medialis (not intermedius). Contents exit through the adductor hiatus in adductor magnus (not by piercing adductor longus).
Q151. At the hip:
- The ligament of the head of the femur is attached to the acetabular notch
- The pubofemoral ligament is the weakest ligament at the hip
- Flexion tightens the ligaments
- The obturator nerve via its anterior division, innervates the capsule and retinacular fibres
- The normal range of flexion is 160°
Answer: The ligament of the head of the femur is attached to the acetabular notch

Explanation: The anterior division of the obturator nerve gives articular branches to the hip joint capsule (Hilton's law). The ligament of the head attaches to the fovea and acetabular fossa (transverse acetabular ligament spans the notch). Extension (not flexion) tightens the ligaments. Normal hip flexion is approximately 120-130° (not 160°).
Q152. Regarding the cuneiform bones:
- The lateral is the smallest
- Tibialis anterior is inserted into a facet on the intermediate cuneiform
- Flexor hallucis brevis has an origin on the medial cuneiform
- The anterior surface of the medial cuneiform is triangular in shape
- The second metatarsal bone articulates with all three cuneiforms
Answer: The lateral is the smallest

Explanation: The second metatarsal has a deep mortise articulation with all three cuneiforms, providing stability to the transverse arch. The intermediate cuneiform is the smallest (not lateral). Tibialis anterior inserts into the medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal. Flexor hallucis brevis arises from the cuboid and lateral cuneiform.
Q153. Regarding the dorsum of the foot:
- Cutaneous innervation is primarily from the sural nerve
- Extensor digitorum brevis gives off four tendons to the lateral four toes
- The superficial peroneal nerve divides into medial and lateral branches below the ankle
- The inferior extensor retinaculum joins medial and lateral malleoli
- Dorsalis pedis artery runs to the base of the first intermetatarsal space
Answer: Cutaneous innervation is primarily from the sural nerve

Explanation: The dorsalis pedis artery passes to the first intermetatarsal space where it enters the sole to join the lateral plantar artery. Dorsal cutaneous innervation is primarily from superficial peroneal nerve (not sural). Extensor digitorum brevis gives THREE tendons (to toes 2-4); the most medial belly is extensor hallucis brevis. The superficial peroneal nerve divides ABOVE the ankle.
Q154. Regarding the sole of the foot:
- The heel is supplied by lateral calcaneal nerves
- Flexor hallucis brevis lies in the first muscular layer
- Flexor digitorum brevis is the lower limb equivalent of flexor digitorum superficialis
- The plantar arteries and nerves lie between the second and third muscular layers
- The medial plantar artery forms the plantar arch with dorsalis pedis artery
Answer: The heel is supplied by lateral calcaneal nerves

Explanation: Flexor digitorum brevis is analogous to flexor digitorum superficialis (inserts into middle phalanges, split for FDL/FHL tendons). The heel is supplied by medial and lateral calcaneal nerves (branches of tibial nerve). Flexor hallucis brevis is in the third layer. The plantar vessels lie between the first and second layers. The LATERAL plantar artery forms the plantar arch with dorsalis pedis.
Q155. At the ankle joint:
- The distal fibula is not part of the joint
- The medial ligament is made up of three separate bands
- The posterior tibiofibular ligament is also known as posterior transverse ligament
- The long and short peronei muscles assist in plantar flexion
- Nerve supply is from the anterior and posterior tibial nerves
Answer: The distal fibula is not part of the joint

Explanation: The ankle joint is supplied by branches from the deep peroneal nerve (from anterior tibial) and tibial nerve posteriorly. The distal fibula IS part of the joint (forms lateral malleolus). The deltoid ligament has four parts (not three). The posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament has a deeper part called the transverse ligament. Peronei cause eversion, not plantarflexion primarily.
Q156. Which is NOT true about fractured neck of femurs?
- The leg is shortened and externally rotated in most fractured neck of femurs
- The main source of blood to the femoral head is via the vessels running within cancellous bone from the diaphysis
- A subcapital fracture cuts off all the blood to the head of the femur resulting in avascular necrosis
- The blood supply to the head is increased by vessels in the capsular retinacula and it is this which prevents avascular necrosis of the head after an intertrochanteric fracture
- The ligamentum teres attaches to the central fovea on the femoral head and originates from the acetabulum
Answer: The leg is shortened and externally rotated in most fractured neck of femurs

Explanation: This is FALSE. The main blood supply to the femoral head comes from the retinacular arteries (branches of medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries) that ascend along the femoral neck, NOT from vessels in the cancellous bone from the diaphysis. This is why subcapital fractures cause avascular necrosis.
Q157. Trendelenburg's test is negative if:
- The hip adductors are paralyzed (eg in poliomyelitis)
- There is an old unreduced or congenital dislocation of the hip
- There is an ununited fracture of the neck of femur
- The patient walks with a dipping gait
- Gluteus minimus and medius and tensor fascia latae are weakened severely
Answer: The hip adductors are paralyzed (eg in poliomyelitis)

Explanation: Trendelenburg test assesses hip ABDUCTORS (gluteus medius and minimus), not adductors. A negative test (pelvis remains level or rises on the unsupported side) is NORMAL. A positive test (pelvis drops on unsupported side) indicates weak abductors, hip dislocation, or structural problems. Adductor paralysis would not cause a positive Trendelenburg.
Q158. Which of the following structures can be missing in a completely stable and functional knee?
- ACL
- PCL
- Oblique ligament
- Patella
- Lateral collateral ligament
Answer: ACL

Explanation: The patella can be congenitally absent or surgically removed (patellectomy) with maintenance of knee function, though with some loss of quadriceps mechanical advantage. The cruciate and collateral ligaments are essential for knee stability. The oblique popliteal ligament reinforces the posterior capsule.
Q159. Which statement about femoral hernias is INCORRECT?
- It is commoner in males than females
- It is never due to a congenital sac
- The femoral canal acts as a lymphatic pathway from the lower limb to the external iliac nodes
- The neck of a femoral hernia can be distinguished from an inguinal hernia because it lies below and lateral to the pubic tubercle
- The femoral canal normally contains a fat plug and Cloquet's gland but can also accommodate a distended femoral vein
Answer: It is commoner in males than females

Explanation: This is INCORRECT. Femoral hernias are MORE common in females than males (due to wider pelvis). All other statements are correct. Femoral hernias are always acquired (not congenital), pass through the femoral canal below and lateral to the pubic tubercle, and the canal contains lymphatics (node of Cloquet).
Q160. In the sole:
- Plantar arteries and nerves lie between second and third layers
- The myotome is essentially S1
- The medial plantar nerve supplies the medial 4½ toes
- Tendons for peroneus longus and tibialis posterior lie in the third layer
Answer: Plantar arteries and nerves lie between second and third layers

Explanation: Abductor digiti minimi is in the first (superficial) layer along with abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis. The plantar vessels and nerves lie between the first and second layers. The myotome is primarily S2, S3. The medial plantar nerve supplies 3½ digits (like median nerve in hand). Peroneus longus and tibialis posterior tendons pass through all layers.
Q161. Which is supplied by the medial plantar nerve?
- Adductor hallucis
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Flexor accessorius
- First lumbrical
Answer: Adductor hallucis

Explanation: The medial plantar nerve supplies the first lumbrical (analogous to median nerve supplying lateral two lumbricals in hand). It also supplies abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis. The lateral plantar nerve supplies all other intrinsic foot muscles.
Q162. At the ankle:
- The capsule is attached to the posterior tibiofibular ligament
- The deltoid ligament has three parts
- The joint is a simple hinge joint
- The joint undergoes dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion
- Nerve supply is deep and superficial peroneal nerves and tibial nerves
Answer: The capsule is attached to the posterior tibiofibular ligament

Explanation: The ankle joint capsule is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces and incorporates the posterior tibiofibular ligament. The deltoid ligament has four parts (not three). The ankle is primarily a hinge joint for dorsiflexion/plantarflexion only (inversion/eversion occur at subtalar and midtarsal joints). Nerve supply is from deep peroneal and tibial nerves (not superficial peroneal).
Q163. The cruciate anastomosis is NOT joined by:
- Transverse branch of the lateral circumflex artery
- Descending branch of the internal pudendal artery
- Ascending branch of the first perforating artery
- Descending branch of the inferior gluteal artery
- Transverse branch of the medial circumflex
Answer: Transverse branch of the lateral circumflex artery

Explanation: The cruciate anastomosis (around the upper femur) is formed by: transverse branches of medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, descending branch of inferior gluteal artery, and ascending branch of first perforating artery. The internal pudendal artery does NOT contribute.
Q164. Stability of the patella in knee extension is maintained primarily by:
- Inferior fibres of vastus lateralis
- Relative prominence of the medial femoral condyle
- Inferior fibres of vastus medialis
- Tension of medial patellar retinaculum
- Articularis genu muscle
Answer: Inferior fibres of vastus lateralis

Explanation: The inferior oblique fibers of vastus medialis (vastus medialis obliquus - VMO) are the primary dynamic stabilizers of the patella, preventing lateral displacement during quadriceps contraction. These fibers insert into the medial patella at approximately 50-55 degrees.
Q165. Regarding the branches of the femoral nerve:
- Does NOT supply cutaneous sensation to skin over the femoral triangle
- Femoral cutaneous nerves pass through the fascia lata via the saphenous canal
- Saphenous nerve follows the course of the great saphenous vein
- Branch to pectineus passes between the femoral artery and vein
- Generally branch within the femoral sheath
Answer: Does NOT supply cutaneous sensation to skin over the femoral triangle

Explanation: The femoral nerve does NOT supply the skin over the femoral triangle—this area is supplied by the ilioinguinal nerve and femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve. The femoral cutaneous nerves pierce the fascia lata directly (not via the adductor canal). The saphenous nerve only accompanies the great saphenous vein in the lower leg.
Q166. Profunda femoris artery is separated from the femoral artery by:
- Pectineus
- Sartorius
- Fascia lata
- Femur
- Adductor longus
Answer: Pectineus

Explanation: As the profunda femoris artery spirals posteriorly and descends, it becomes separated from the femoral artery by adductor longus (which lies between them). The profunda passes behind adductor longus while the femoral artery remains anterior to it.
Q167. Femoral canal contains:
- Femoral nerve
- Lymph node (of Cloquet)
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
- B, C and D are correct
Answer: Femoral nerve

Explanation: The femoral canal (medial compartment of femoral sheath) normally contains: lymph node of Cloquet (Rosenmuller), lymphatic vessels, loose connective tissue, and fat. It does NOT contain the femoral nerve (lies lateral to sheath), artery (in lateral compartment), or vein (in intermediate compartment).
Q168. Regarding the saphenous opening:
- Transmits the contents of the femoral sheath
- Posterior wall lies immediately anterior to pectineus
- The great saphenous vein passes superiomedially through it
- Bounded medially by the lacunar ligament
- The falciform edge attaches superiorly to the pectineal line
Answer: Transmits the contents of the femoral sheath

Explanation: The floor (deep/posterior aspect) of the saphenous opening is formed by the fascia over pectineus and femoral vessels. The opening is in the fascia lata and is covered by cribriform fascia. The great saphenous vein passes superoLATERALLY (not medially) through it. The falciform margin forms the lateral, inferior, and medial borders.
Q169. Piriformis:
- Is an abductor of the hip in hip flexion
- Passes through the lesser sciatic foramen
- Is the preferred site of intramuscular gluteal injection
- Passes anterior to the femoral neck
- Lies deep to the sciatic nerve
Answer: Is an abductor of the hip in hip flexion

Explanation: When the hip is flexed beyond 90 degrees, piriformis changes from a lateral rotator to an abductor (due to change in line of action). It passes through the GREATER (not lesser) sciatic foramen. Gluteal injections should be in the upper outer quadrant (gluteus medius/minimus area) to avoid the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve lies superficial to (on) piriformis.
Q170. Popliteus:
- Attaches to the medial femoral condyle
- "Locks" the knee in extension
- Supplied by a branch of the femoral nerve
- Lies immediately deep to the popliteal artery
- May attach to the medial meniscus
Answer: Attaches to the medial femoral condyle

Explanation: Popliteus lies immediately deep to (anterior to) the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa. It attaches to the LATERAL femoral condyle (not medial), "UNLOCKS" (not locks) the knee, is supplied by the tibial nerve (not femoral), and attaches to the LATERAL meniscus (not medial).
Q171. The third layer of muscles of the sole of the foot include:
- Four lumbricals and quadratus plantae
- Plantar and dorsal interossei
- Extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis transversus, adductor hallucis obliquus and flexor hallucis brevis
- Abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi and flexor digitorum brevis
Answer: Four lumbricals and quadratus plantae

Explanation: The third layer contains: flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse heads), and flexor digiti minimi brevis. First layer: abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi. Second layer: quadratus plantae, lumbricals, FDL and FHL tendons. Fourth layer: interossei and peroneus longus/tibialis posterior tendons.
Q172. Peroneus longus inserts into:
- Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal
- Base of 5th metatarsal
- 4th and 5th metatarsal
- Navicular tuberosity
- Cuboid tuberosity
Answer: Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal

Explanation: Peroneus longus crosses the sole obliquely to insert into the lateral side of the base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform (same insertion as tibialis anterior on opposite side). Peroneus BREVIS inserts into the base of the 5th metatarsal.
Q173. The transverse arch of the foot is formed by:
- Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms and first three metatarsals
- Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, all five metatarsals
- Calcaneus, cuboid, lateral two metatarsals
- Calcaneus, navicular, lateral two metatarsals
- Sustentaculum tali and cuneiforms
Answer: Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms and first three metatarsals

Explanation: The transverse arch is formed by the navicular, three cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of all five metatarsals. It's highest at the level of the cuneiforms (especially intermediate cuneiform). The arch is supported by peroneus longus, tibialis posterior, and intrinsic foot muscles.
Q174. Which of the following is TRUE?
- The popliteal fossa is bounded by the biceps medially
- The great saphenous vein runs through the popliteal fossa
- Gluteus maximus inserts on the greater trochanter
- The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen
Answer: The popliteal fossa is bounded by the biceps medially

Explanation: The popliteal fossa contains the common peroneal nerve (runs along lateral border). Biceps femoris bounds the fossa LATERALLY (not medially—that's semimembranosus/semitendinosus). The great saphenous vein doesn't pass through the popliteal fossa. Gluteus maximus inserts mainly into the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity. The sciatic nerve exits through the GREATER sciatic foramen.
Q175. The femoral triangle:
- The femoral triangle is bounded by the inguinal ligament, medial border of sartorius and lateral border of adductor longus
- The mid-inguinal point is midway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine
- The femoral sheath contains the femoral nerve and femoral artery
- The femoral and profunda femoris arteries are separated by adductor brevis
Answer: The femoral triangle is bounded by the inguinal ligament, medial border of sartorius and lateral border of adductor longus

Explanation: The femoral canal contains the lymph node of Cloquet (Rosenmuller). The femoral triangle boundaries are correct except it's the LATERAL border of adductor longus (medial boundary). The mid-inguinal point is correct. The femoral sheath does NOT contain the femoral nerve (it lies lateral to the sheath). The arteries are separated by adductor longus (not brevis).
Q176. The knee:
- The cruciate ligaments are intra-synovial
- The posterior horn of the medial meniscus is attached to the intercondylar area of the tibia behind the posterior cruciate ligament
- The knee joint normally contains 5.0ml of synovial fluid
- Active rotation may occur in the extended knee
Answer: The cruciate ligaments are intra-synovial

Explanation: The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the primary stabilizer of the flexed, weight-bearing knee, preventing posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur. The cruciates are intracapsular but EXTRAsynovial (covered by synovial membrane). The medial meniscus attaches ANTERIOR to (not behind) the PCL. Normal synovial fluid volume is <3.5ml. No active rotation occurs in the fully extended knee.
Q177. Which one of the following muscles has a double nerve supply?
- Rectus femoris
- Sartorius
- Pectineus
- Adductor longus
Answer: Rectus femoris

Explanation: Pectineus has a dual nerve supply: primarily from the femoral nerve, but frequently receives additional innervation from the accessory obturator nerve (when present) or the obturator nerve proper. This reflects its transitional position between anterior and medial compartments.
Q178. Inversion and eversion of the foot take place MAINLY at the:
- Ankle joint
- Joints between the talus and calcaneus
- Joint between calcaneus and navicular bone
- Calcanocuboid joint
- Inferior tibiofibular joint
Answer: Ankle joint

Explanation: Inversion and eversion occur primarily at the subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint and the talocalcaneonavicular joint. The ankle joint is primarily for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion. The transverse tarsal joint (talonavicular and calcaneocuboid) also contributes to inversion/eversion.
Q179. Which one of the following has a tendon that is intracapsular?
- Plantaris
- Popliteus
- Rectus femoris
- Psoas major
- Peroneus longus
Answer: Plantaris

Explanation: The tendon of popliteus is intracapsular (within the fibrous capsule of the knee joint) as it passes through the joint to attach to the lateral femoral condyle. The tendon of the long head of biceps brachii is intracapsular at the shoulder, but none of the other options listed have intracapsular tendons.
Q180. The deltoid ligament belongs to the:
- Ankle joint
- Hip joint
- Knee joint
- Talocalcaneonavicular joint
- Calcaneocuboid joint
Answer: Ankle joint

Explanation: The deltoid (medial) ligament is the strong medial ligament of the ankle joint. It has four parts: tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, and posterior tibiotalar. It attaches from the medial malleolus to the talus, calcaneus, and navicular, providing medial ankle stability.

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