Anatomy Comprehensive Review | MCQ Quiz | OmpathStudy Kenya

Question 1

What cranial nerve supplies taste innervation for the posterior tongue?

Accepted Answer

VII — The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides taste innervation to the posterior third of the tongue. CN VII (facial) supplies taste to the anterior two-thirds, while CN V provides general sensation but not taste. ---

Question 2

Which structure is not found in the carotid sheath?

Accepted Answer

Superior lymphatic duct — The carotid sheath contains the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. The superior lymphatic duct is not contained within the carotid sheath. ---

Question 3

Which supplies motor innervation to the hypopharynx?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve — The vagus nerve (CN X) provides motor innervation to the muscles of the hypopharynx through its pharyngeal branch. The glossopharyngeal nerve provides sensory innervation to this region. ---

Question 4

A horizontal section of the parotid gland will show which one of the following structures piercing the gland?

Accepted Answer

Greater auricular nerve — The greater auricular nerve pierces through the parotid gland. The facial nerve also passes through the parotid gland, but it's not listed as an option. The external carotid artery enters the gland but doesn't pierce through it completely. ---

Question 5

When a patient was asked to protrude the tongue, it was noticed the tongue protruded markedly to the left. This can be due to injury to which of the following nerves?

Accepted Answer

Left hypoglossal nerve — The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) controls tongue movement. When one side is paralyzed, the tongue deviates toward the paralyzed side due to the unopposed action of the contralateral genioglossus muscle. ---

Question 6

Which of the following muscles is not located within or involved in the formation of the boundaries of the posterior neck triangle?

Accepted Answer

Subclavius muscle — The posterior triangle is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid anteriorly, trapezius posteriorly, and clavicle inferiorly. The subclavius muscle is located beneath the clavicle and is not part of the posterior triangle boundaries. ---

Question 7

A 65-year-old patient presents with an inability to smile on the left side of his face. The patient reports having a penetrating injury to the side of his mouth that healed. The physical exam shows the patient's lips were unable to move upward when smiling. What nerve innervates the affected muscle?

Accepted Answer

Facial nerve — The facial nerve (CN VII) innervates the muscles of facial expression, including those involved in smiling. Injury to this nerve results in facial paralysis on the affected side. ---

Question 8

The occipital and subclavian triangles are separated by:

Accepted Answer

Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle — The posterior triangle of the neck is subdivided into the occipital triangle (above) and subclavian triangle (below) by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle. ---

Question 9

Retropharyngeal space exists between?

Accepted Answer

Visceral compartment and vertebral compartment — The retropharyngeal space is a potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia (covering the visceral compartment) and the prevertebral fascia (covering the vertebral compartment). ---

Question 10

Infections in the retropharyngeal space may spread to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Posterior mediastinum — The retropharyngeal space communicates with the posterior mediastinum, allowing infections to spread from the neck into the chest cavity, which can be life-threatening. --- ## CELL BIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY

Question 11

Which one of the following parts of a cell lacks a bounding membrane?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus — The nucleolus is a non-membrane-bound organelle within the nucleus. All other options are membrane-bound organelles. ---

Question 12

The electron dense layers of cell membranes are biochemically identified as:

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid-protein complex — The electron-dense layers of cell membranes represent the phospholipid-protein complexes that form the basic structure of biological membranes. ---

Question 13

Intracellular digestion is a chief function of the:

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes — Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and are responsible for intracellular digestion, breaking down worn-out organelles and cellular debris. ---

Question 14

Which one of the following structures is visible in the light microscope?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane — The plasma membrane can be visualized under light microscopy, especially when stained. The other structures are too small to be resolved by light microscopy and require electron microscopy. ---

Question 15

Which one of the following junctions is characterized by the fusion of the outer leaflets of the cell membranes of adjacent cells?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions (zonula occludens) — Tight junctions are characterized by the fusion of the outer leaflets of adjacent cell membranes, creating an impermeable seal between cells. ---

Question 16

Cytoplasmic basophilia is characteristic of cells that:

Accepted Answer

Are synthesizing large amounts of protein — Cytoplasmic basophilia is due to abundant ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, which are characteristic of cells actively synthesizing proteins. --- ## GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Question 17

The exocrine cells secrete all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Gastrin — Gastrin is a hormone secreted by endocrine cells (G cells), not exocrine cells. All other options are enzymes secreted by exocrine cells. ---

Question 18

Bile is formed by:

Accepted Answer

Hepatic cells (hepatocytes) — Hepatocytes are the main functional cells of the liver and are responsible for bile production. Kupffer cells are liver macrophages. ---

Question 19

The esophagus is subdivided into three portions along its course on the basis of a transition in the composition of the:

Accepted Answer

Muscularis externa — The esophagus is divided into upper, middle, and lower thirds based on the transition from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle in the muscularis externa. ---

Question 20

Plicae circularis (valves of Kerkring) are present in:

Accepted Answer

All but the stomach — Plicae circularis are circular folds present in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) but not in the stomach, which has rugae instead. ---

Question 21

The arterial supply of the epiploic apron is done by branches of the:

Accepted Answer

Right gastro-omental artery — The greater omentum (epiploic apron) is supplied by the right and left gastro-omental arteries, with the right gastro-omental artery being the main supply. ---

Question 22

About the external anal sphincter, we can state the following except:

Accepted Answer

Is a band of smooth muscle — The external anal sphincter is composed of striated (skeletal) muscle under voluntary control, not smooth muscle. The internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle. ---

Question 23

Name the features of deep perineal fascia:

Accepted Answer

Is continuous with the Scarpa's fascia — The deep perineal fascia (Colles' fascia) is continuous with Scarpa's fascia of the anterior abdominal wall, allowing potential spread of extravasated urine. ---

Question 24

Innervation of the perineum is given by the:

Accepted Answer

The dorsal nerve of the penis supplies the skin of the scrotum — The dorsal nerve of the penis (terminal branch of the pudendal nerve) does supply sensory innervation to the skin of the scrotum, among other structures. --- ## EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a source of mesenchyme for the development of the head region:

Accepted Answer

1st pharyngeal pouch — The 1st pharyngeal pouch is an endodermal structure that forms the tympanic cavity and auditory tube. It is not a source of mesenchyme. All other options contribute mesenchyme to head development. ---

Question 26

Which of the following is MOST CORRECT regarding the formation of the skull?

Accepted Answer

The base of the skull arises from 2 sources both of which undergo endochondral ossification — The skull base develops from both neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm, and both undergo endochondral ossification. The calvarium undergoes intramembranous ossification. ---

Question 27

Which of the following is TRUE about the viscerocranium development?

Accepted Answer

The 1st pharyngeal arch gives rise to the mandible — The first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch) gives rise to the mandible and maxilla. The second arch gives rise to the stapes, while the first arch contributes to the malleus and incus. ---

Question 28

Which of the following statements is MOST CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

The notochord gives the developing embryo axial orientation and rigidity — The notochord provides axial support and rigidity to the developing embryo and induces neural tube formation. It does not become the neural tube itself. ---

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the fusion of the edges of the neural groove to form the neural tube?

Accepted Answer

It leaves the cranial end and caudal ends open for a few days — Neural tube closure begins at multiple sites and proceeds bidirectionally, leaving the anterior and posterior neuropores open temporarily. These close by the end of the 4th week. ---

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Arnold-Chiari malformation – tethered cord syndrome — Arnold-Chiari malformation involves herniation of cerebellar tissue through the foramen magnum, not tethered cord syndrome. Tethered cord syndrome involves abnormal attachment of the spinal cord. --- ## NEUROANATOMY

Question 31

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Accepted Answer

Optic canal – Oculomotor nerve — The optic canal transmits the optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery, not the oculomotor nerve (CN III). The oculomotor nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure. ---

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding the venous sinuses of the brain?

Accepted Answer

They have thick muscular walls — Venous sinuses have thick walls but lack muscle. They are rigid channels formed by the separation of the two layers of dura mater. ---

Question 33

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the lobes of the brain?

Accepted Answer

None of the above — Broca's area is involved in motor speech only; Wernicke's area is in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe; the primary motor area is anterior to the central sulcus; the frontal eyefield controls eye movements but doesn't receive visual input directly. ---

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the diencephalon?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is crucial in regulation of body homeostasis — The hypothalamus is indeed crucial for homeostasis. The pituitary is connected to but not part of the diencephalon; the thalamus is mainly for sensory relay; the third ventricle (not posterior horn) lies between the thalami.

Anatomy Comprehensive Review | MCQ Quiz | OmpathStudy Kenya

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