Vision
Peripheral vision is less sensitive to movement than central vision
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What our notes say
- Peripheral vision is less sensitive to movement than central vision (cat 2 2014 — Source Paper Awaiting Edit)
- Blocking muscarinic receptors causes dry mouth, constipation and blurred vision. | (Introduction to Psychopharmacology)
- Side effects: rifampicin: orange urine and sweat, hepatitis, flu-like illness and drug interactions; isoniazid: peripheral neuropathy and hepatitis; pyrazinamide: hepatitis, gout and joint pain; ethambutol: optic neuritis (colour vision loss). (Internal Medicine (MBIM 4100) special/supplementary exam, Paper Two: 14 August 2)
- Know the danger signs in pregnancy, labour and after birth: vaginal bleeding, severe headache or blurred vision, convulsions, severe abdominal pain, fever, leaking fluid, reduced or absent fetal movements, swollen face and hands, and prolonged labour. (Obstetrics II CAT: miscarriage, pregnancy physiology and antenatal care, 26 MCQs)
- Fine motor/vision: reaching, grasping, transferring objects and age-appropriate hand skills. (Paediatric History Taking and Physical Examination)
- Ask about the age at which milestones were reached, caregiver concerns, regression, hearing or vision concerns, school performance and prior developmental screening. (Paediatric History Taking and Physical Examination)
Study material on Vision
- cat 2 2014 — Source Paper Awaiting Edit
- Growth and Development in Children
- CNS History Taking & Neurological Exam Guide | Clinical Skills
- MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY II ESsays
- Paediatric History Taking and Physical Examination
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders I: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
- Anatomy and Biochemistry of the Eye
- Chemical pathology and Endocrine pathology
- Pharmco Notes
- Basic Pharmacology - Study Guide
Practice questions on Vision
The vitamin A derivative that plays a role in vision is;
- All trans-retinal
- Retinoic acid
- 11-cis retinal
- β-carotene
- All trans-retinol (A1) ✅ Answer: C. 11-cis retinal
Answer: A. 11-cis-retinal is the vitamin A derivative that combines with opsin to form rhodopsin and directly mediates the light-triggered visual response. ---
A 70-year-old man has fatigue, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, serum IgM of 42 g/L, and massive splenomegaly. Peripheral blood shows lymphoplasmacytoid cells. He develops blurred vision and headaches. Most likely diagnosis?
- Mantle cell lymphoma
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- Multiple myeloma
- Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Answer: D. Markedly elevated IgM + lymphoplasmacytoid cells + massive splenomegaly + hyperviscosity symptoms (blurred vision, headaches) = Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Unlike myeloma it produces IgM and rarely causes lytic bone lesions. ---
A 70-year-old male with Waldenström Macroglobulinemia presents with sudden vision loss and epistaxis. Fundoscopy shows 'sausage-link' retinal veins. Serum viscosity is 4.5 centipoise. What is the immediate treatment?
- Rituximab monotherapy
- Emergent Plasmapheresis
- High-dose Dexamethasone
- Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
Answer: B. Hyperviscosity syndrome is a medical emergency. Plasmapheresis rapidly removes the excess IgM paraprotein, immediately reducing serum viscosity and reversing symptoms. Rituximab is used later for disease control. ---
A housewife develops double vision, difficulty talking, dry mouth, and descending paralysis after eating home-canned green beans. The diagnosis is
- Tetanus
- Strychnine poisoning
- Botulism
- Morphine overdose
- Ricin intoxication
Answer: C. Classic botulism presentation: descending flaccid paralysis starting with cranial nerves, associated with home-canned foods. Botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine release. ---
Vision and hearing are different
- sensory receptors
- adequate stimuli
- waves of energy
- sensory modalities
- ). Vision and hearing are distinct sensory modalities.
Answer: D. Sensory modalities are the different types of sensations (vision, hearing, touch, etc.). Vision and hearing are distinct sensory modalities. ---
A 60-year-old with established CLL complains of headaches and blurred vision. Which diagnostic procedure is indicated to assess for central nervous system involvement?
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain
- Computed tomography of the chest
- Positron emission tomography
- Lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid cytology
Answer: D. CSF cytology directly detects leukaemic cell infiltration of the central nervous system. ---