Test your knowledge with 50+ MCQs on Endocrine and Metabolic Pathology. Covers hormone signaling, Addison's disease, insulin, and steroid mechanisms.
38. The amino acid, tyrosine, has 4 iodines attached to the ring structures. What is the correct name of this hormone? A) Triiodothyronine B) Tetrahydrogenous C) Tetraiodothyronine D) Calcitonin E) Tetraiodotyrosine Correct Answer: C) Tetraiodothyronine 39. Select the correct disorder for these symptoms: salt craving; high K; hypotension; hypoglycemia; collapse due to stress A) Diabetes, Type I B) Cushing's disease (syndrome) C) Diabetes insipidus D) Addison's Disease (hypoadrenalism) Correct Answer: D) Addison's Disease (hypoadrenalism) 40. When a hormone name ends in "tropic," what does this mean? A) The hormone stimulates the metabolism of the cell it contacts B) It means the hormone affects another "target" endocrine gland C) It means the hormone always enters the cell and turns on and off portions of the cell's DNA D) It means it is a posterior pituitary hormone E) The hormone is tropically supplied during medication Correct Answer: B) It means the hormone affects another "target" endocrine gland 24. The primary target for glucagon is the: A) Liver B) Hypothalamus C) Adrenal cortex D) Pancreas E) Kidney Correct Answer: A) Liver 25. The islets of Langerhans are the endocrine portion of the: A) Adrenal medulla B) Anterior pituitary C) Posterior pituitary D) Pancreas E) Thyroid Correct Answer: D) Pancreas 26. The only hormone that promotes the anabolism (building up) of glycogen, fats, and proteins is: A) GH B) Insulin C) Epinephrine D) Aldosterone E) Cortisol Correct Answer: B) Insulin 27. When a hormone that uses a second messenger binds to a target cell, the next thing that happens is that: A) Phosphodiesterase is activated B) A protein kinase is formed C) A gene is activated in the nucleus D) Adenylyl cyclase is activated by a G protein E) Voltage-regulated ion channels open in the cell membrane Correct Answer: D) Adenylyl cyclase is activated by a G protein 28. When a steroid hormone binds to its target cell receptor, it: A) Causes the formation of cyclic-AMP B) Is converted into cholesterol, which acts as a second messenger C) Causes formation of IP3 D) Causes the formation of releasing hormones E) Turns specific genes of the nuclear DNA on or off Correct Answer: E) Turns specific genes of the nuclear DNA on or off 29. Thyroglobulin is: A) The major component of colloid inside follicles B) Another name for thyroid hormone C) The major stimulus for the release of thyroid hormones D) The protein that transports thyroid hormones in the blood E) The protein that transports TSH to the thyroid gland Correct Answer: A) The major component of colloid inside follicles 30. Long-term therapy with steroid drugs, such as cortisone, can cause osteoporosis and muscle wasting because: A) Increased blood glucose B) Increased protein breakdown C) Amino acid derivatives D) Proteins E) Hydrophobic Correct Answer: B) Increased protein breakdown 31. All of the following are true about cortisol EXCEPT: A) It is found in the blood bound to steroid hormone-binding globulin B) Its receptors form dimers after binding C) Its activated receptors bind to glucocorticoid response elements D) The glucocorticoid response elements phosphorylate control enzymes E) It is found in the blood bound to albumin Correct Answer: D) The glucocorticoid response elements phosphorylate control enzymes 32. Concerning hormones that bind to receptors on the outer surface of the cell membrane, all of the following are true EXCEPT: A) When hormones bind, the conformation of the receptor changes B) Some receptors are carbohydrates C) When hormones bind, the new conformation allows the receptor to react with another protein D) Eventually, the rate of control enzymes are affected E) Eventually, the transcription rates of specific mRNAs are affected Correct Answer: B) Some receptors are carbohydrates 33. Signal transducer proteins: A) Are the proteins in the signal transduction pathway B) Do not convert information from one form to another C) Do not amplify the signal D) Are not part of any second messenger cascade E) Are never protein kinases Correct Answer: A) Are the proteins in the signal transduction pathway 34. All of the following are true in the Ras and MAP pathway EXCEPT: A) The occupied growth factor receptor autophosphorylates serine residues B) Grb2 uses its Src homology domain to bind to the phosphorylated receptor C) Grb2 changes conformation and binds to the next protein (SOS) in the signal transduction pathway D) Ras exchanges GDP for GTP and activates Raf, the first kinase in the MAP kinase pathway E) The MAP kinase pathway regulates transcription factors that regulate mRNA synthesis Correct Answer: A) The occupied growth factor receptor autophosphorylates serine residues 35. All of the following are functions served by the phosphatidylinositol phosphates EXCEPT: A) Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate can be hydrolyzed to produce diacylglycerol, a second messenger B) Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate can be hydrolyzed to produce inositol trisphosphate, a second messenger C) Acetylcholine D) Serotonin E) GABA Correct Answer: C) Acetylcholine 21. Most hormones that use a second messenger are: A) Proteins B) Enzymes C) Steroids D) Nucleic acids E) Carbohydrates Correct Answer: A) Proteins 53. When a steroid hormone binds to its target cell receptor, it: A) Causes the formation of cyclic-AMP B) Is converted into cholesterol, which acts as a second messenger C) Causes the formation of releasing hormones D) Turns specific genes of the nuclear DNA on or off E) It activates adenylate cyclase Correct Answer: D) Turns specific genes of the nuclear DNA on or off 23. The primary effect of T3 and T4 is to: A) Decrease blood glucose B) Promote the release of calcitonin C) Promote heat-generating (metabolic) reactions D) Increase the release of TSH E) Inhibit the anterior pituitary Correct Answer: C) Promote heat-generating (metabolic) reactions 22. Which of the following hormones is made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary? A) ACTH B) TSH C) Oxytocin D) LH E) GH Correct Answer: C) Oxytocin 36. Which hormone is most likely to bind to an intracellular receptor? A) Glucagon B) Epinephrine C) Cortisol D) Oxytocin E) Insulin Correct Answer: C) Cortisol 37. A second messenger used in the action of some peptide hormones is: A) Sodium B) Chloride C) cAMP D) DNA E) RNA Correct Answer: C) cAMP 41. Which of the following is not a steroid hormone? A) Cortisol B) Testosterone C) Estrogen D) Thyroxine (T4) E) Aldosterone Correct Answer: D) Thyroxine (T4) 42. Which of the following substances acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter? A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) Cortisol D) TSH E) Aldosterone Correct Answer: B) Dopamine 43. Which of the following best describes the function of adjuvant therapy in endocrine disorders? A) To replace deficient hormones B) To reduce symptoms via psychotherapy C) To support primary treatment, often in cancer D) To suppress immune responses only E) To block aldosterone receptors Correct Answer: C) To support primary treatment, often in cancer 44. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can mimic which of the following hormone classes most commonly? A) Catecholamines B) Glucocorticoids C) Steroid hormones, especially estrogens D) Peptide hormones E) Mineralocorticoids Correct Answer: C) Steroid hormones, especially estrogens 45. Which of the following would most likely be affected in a patient with pseudohypoparathyroidism? A) Decreased secretion of PTH B) Increased bone resorption C) End-organ resistance to PTH D) Elevated cortisol levels E) Excess calcitonin Correct Answer: C) End-organ resistance to PTH 46. Measurement of hormone levels in endocrine diagnosis is most useful when: A) Hormone secretion is episodic and random B) Hormone levels remain constant throughout the day C) Hormone secretion follows a predictable rhythm or response D) Hormones are present in high quantities in blood E) Hormone levels can only be estimated indirectly Correct Answer: