--- Department of Medical Physiology Bachelor of Medicine & Surgery Year 2 End of Semester 1 Exam Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (Answer All) - Which subs
--- Department of Medical Physiology Bachelor of Medicine & Surgery Year 2 End of Semester 1 Exam Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (Answer All) - Which substance will cause smooth muscle relaxation? a. Secretinb. Gastrinc. Cholecystokinin d. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) - Which does not take part in the stimulation of GI glands? a. External Stimulus b. Direct stimulation due to stretchc. Enteric Nervous Systemd. Autonomic system - Which of the following is the site of secretion of intrinsic factor? a. Ileumb. Gastric antrum c. Gastric fundus d. Duodenum - Which of the following changes occurs during defecation? a. External anal sphincter is contractedb. Rectal skeletal muscle is relaxed c. Internal anal sphincter is relaxed d. Intra-abdominal pressure is lower than when at rest - Which of the following produce testosterone? a. Interstitial cells of Leydig b. Adrenal cortexc. Adrenal medullad. Anterior pituitary gland - Which of the following does not occur on presentation of a bolus of solid food to the mouth? a. Stimulation of taste budsb. Masticationc. Reflex stimulation of salivary glands d. Stimulation of defecation reflex - The salivary secretion: a. Is stimulated by most GIT hormones, especially gastrinb. Is essential for complete digestion of starchc. Increases more by sweet than by bitter substances d. Is markedly increased by parasympathetic stimulation - Chronic gastritis is often associated with the following: a. Microcytic anemiab. Hyperchlorhydriac. Steatorrhea d. Pernicious anemia - Vitamin B12 absorption: a. Depends on the presence of intrinsic factor b. Depends on passive diffusionc. Occurs in the jejunumd. Occurs in the stomach - The cephalic phase of gastric secretion: a. Occurs when food reaches the stomach b. Is controlled by the vagus nerves c. Is not blocked by injection of atropine, an acetylcholine receptor blockerd. Constitutes about one half of the gastric juice secreted on eating - Gastric HCl secretion: a. Is a passive process that occurs in all parts of the stomachb. Is stimulated by somatostatin, cimetidine & pirenzepinec. Is inhibited by histamine, gastrin & acetylcholine d. Plays a significant role in iron absorption - Distension of the stomach: a. Is associated with a decrease in its peristaltic movementb. Leads to reduction of gastric juice secretion c. Decreases the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter d. Causes an acute increase in the intragastric pressure - Fructose is absorbed from the small intestine by: a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Na⁺-dependent secondary active transportd. Hydrostatic pressure - Vitamin C is absorbed from the small intestine by: a. Passive diffusion b. Na⁺-dependent secondary active transport c. Primary active transportd. Facilitated diffusion - Peristaltic rush is characterized by the following except: a. They are strong peristaltic contractions b. They occur normally c. They occur when there is intense irritation or distention of the small intestined. They are initiated by reflexes involving the intrinsic and extrinsic nerves - Small intestine motility is stimulated by the following except: a. Gastrinb. Cholecystokinin c. Secretin d. Motilin - Small intestine motility is inhibited by the following except: a. Somatostatinb. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptidec. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) d. Insulin - Emptying at the ileocecal region is promoted by: a. Distension of cecumb. Distension of colon c. Distension of stomach d. Sympathetic reflex - Emptying at the ileocecal region is inhibited by: a. Gastroileal reflexb. Gastrin c. Colonoileal reflex d. Distension of terminal ileum - The first portion of the stomach that food enters is the: a. Bodyb. Antrumc. Pylorus d. Cardia e. Fundus - Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of: a. Fats and protein in the duodenum b. Acid in the stomachc. Protein in the stomachd. Fats in the stomache. Acid in the duodenum - Which of the following hormones stimulates the gallbladder to release bile? a. Enterokinaseb. Secretin c. Cholecystokinin d. Gastrin - Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells? a. Enterocrininb. Glucagonc. Secretind. Cholecystokinin e. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide - During the defecation reflex, the: a. Diaphragm is loweredb. Epiglottis is openedc. Abdominal wall relaxesd. Internal abdominal pressure decreases e. None of the above - Inhibition of the myenteric plexus leads to the following: a. Increased secretion of secretin from the duodenum b. Decreased gut motility c. Hyperacidity in the stomachd. Diarrhea - The secretion of gastrin ceases: a. When the stomach is distended by a meal b. When the pH of the gastric content is decreased below 2 c. If the fundic mucosa is anesthetizedd. If the vagi are stimulated - Stimulation of the submucosal plexus results in an increase of the following? a. Motility of the gut b. Secretion of the gut c. Sphincter toned. Stomach pH - Secretin: a. Stimulates a pancreatic secretion rich in enzymesb. Is secreted as a result of vagus nerve stimulationc. Stimulates gastric secretion d. Is released as a result of contact of acid chyme with the duodenal mucosa - About the GIT hormones affecting gastric function: a. CCK and secretin increase both gastric secretion and motilityb. Gastrin secretion is stimulated by the digestive products of fatc. Gastrin inhibits gastric secretion and delays gastric emptying d. GIP and VIP inhibit gastric secretion e. Somatostatin is a powerful stimulator of both gastric secretion and motility - Cholecystokinin: a. Release is stimulated by protein hydrolysates in the lumen of the small intestine b. Is released from gastric mucosal cellsc. Release is stimulated by distension of the colond. A and C are correct - The major factor that stimulates the release of secretin into the bloodstream is: a. An acid pH of the chyme entering the duodenum b. The parasympathetic stimulic. Peptones in the gastric chyme that enter the duodenumd. A stomach full of digested contents - Deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones results in: a. Addison disease b. Tetanyc. Cushing syndromed. Acromegaly - Which of the following hormones promotes the excretion of potassium ions and the reabsorption of sodium ions? a. Aldosterone b. Reninc. ADHd. None of these - Which of these is true of the endocrine system? a. Secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by bloodb. Causes changes in metabolic activitiesc. Effects are prolonged d. All of the above - Actions of Luteinizing hormone in the male include: a. Stimulating mitosis in spermatogonia b. Initiating spermatogenesis by stimulating seminiferous tubule epithelial cells c. Migration of spermatocytes into seminiferous tubular lumen and onward transmissiond. Development of the follicles - For calcium metabolism, all of the following are required except: a. Vitamin D b. Thyroxine c. Parathyroid hormoned. Calcitonin - All of the following are stimuli for growth hormone release except: a. Hypoglycemiab. Stress c. Obesity d. Exercise - The endocrine gland responsible for the body's circadian rhythm is the: a. Thymus gland b. Pineal gland c. Parathyroid glandd. Pituitary gland - A hormone involved in programming circadian rhythms: a. Enkephalinb. Thyroxinec. Adrenaline d. Melatonin - Vitamin B12 is absorbed via: a. Simple diffusion b. Endocytosis c. Osmosisd. Exocytosis - Which is true regarding the adrenal hormones? a. Cortisol is produced in response to elevated blood glucose b. Adrenaline is produced in the adrenal medulla c. Mineralocorticoids help regulate blood glucosed. Aldosterone is a glucocorticoid - Regarding thyroid hormones: a. T3 is converted to T4 by deiodinase b. T4 is converted to T3 by deiodinase c. Deiodinase II is found in all cellsd. Hyperthyroidism leads to weight gain - Which is true regarding cortisol? a. Its production results in lowering of blood glucose b. Its level is highest just before sunrise c. It stimulates production of A