General Pathology Make-up CAT OmpathStudy

1. Lysosomal membranes A) Have a significant potential difference across their thickness B) Enclose internal fluid that is of higher pH than the surrounding cytoplasm C) Bud off the rough endoplasmic reticulum D) Are synthesized by the Golgi apparatus E) Always originate from being pinched off the plasma membrane ✅ Answer: D Explanation: Lysosomal membranes and their integral proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then processed and packaged by the Golgi apparatus. 2. Concentration of bicarbonate in the body fluids would best be measured in A) mg/dl B) meq/L C) Mmols/L D) Mg per cent E) pH value ✅ Answer: B Explanation: Bicarbonate concentration in body fluids is typically measured in milliequivalents per liter (meq/L) to reflect its charge and physiological activity. 3. The major class of phospholipids that is present in the cell membrane of human cells is: A) Phosphatidylcholine B) Phosphatidylserine C) Phosphatidylinositol D) Phosphatidylethanolamine E) Sphingomyelin ✅ Answer: A Explanation: Phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant phospholipid found in eukaryotic cell membranes. 4. The following are cytoplasmic effector molecules, except: A) Enzymes B) Contractile proteins C) Acetylcholine D) Transport proteins E) Ion channels ✅ Answer: C Explanation: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that primarily acts extracellularly, not a cytoplasmic effector molecule. 39. The following is true about peroxisomes except A) They mainly contain hydrolases unlike other lysosomes that contain oxidases B) They are lysosomes C) They detoxify alcohol in liver cells D) Hydrogen peroxide and catalase are their major enzymes E) They are formed by both self-replication and budding off from the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ✅ Answer: B Explanation: Peroxisomes are distinct organelles from lysosomes and contain oxidases, not hydrolases. 13. Normal saline solution contains A) 4.5 g of NaCl per 500ml B) 9 g per deciliter C) same amount of Cl- ions as a 1.0 N HCL solution D) 0.9 g of NaCl per Litre E) 5% dextrose in NaCl solution ✅ Answer: A Explanation: Normal saline is 0.9% NaCl, which means 0.9g per 100ml, or 4.5g per 500ml. 14. The spliceosomes that perform autosplicing of mRNA during posttranscriptional modification A) Are usually derived from neighbouring cells B) Form part of the same mRNA that they modify C) Are free enzymes in nucleoplasm D) Largely cause RNA elongation or polymerization E) Are synthesized in the nucleolus ✅ Answer: B Explanation: Autosplicing is performed by ribozymes (self-splicing introns), which are RNA molecules that catalyze their own excision from the pre-mRNA. 15. Immunoglobulins mediating the late phase of inflammation include A) IgM B) IgE C) IgA D) IgD E) IgG ✅ Answer: E Explanation: IgG is involved in various immune responses, including the late phase of inflammation through complement activation and opsonization. 16. One mole of any substance A) Is the gram-molecular weight of the substance divided by its valence B) Occupies equal space when in gaseous state C) Contains the same number of ions as any other substance when dissolved in water D) Can only be expressed for the soluble state E) Consists of 6 x 1023 molecules ✅ Answer: E Explanation: One mole of any substance contains Avogadro's number (approximately 6.022 x 10^23) of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). 17. The following statement is TRUE about the development of immune cells: A) Natural killers cells arise directly from the common lymphoid progenitor B) T lymphocytes differentiate in the germinal centre of lymph nodes C) Mast cells mature in the thymus after leaving the bone marrow D) The common myeloid progenitor produces plasma cells E) Thymocytes express either CD4 or CD8 on entering the thymic cortex ✅ Answer: A Explanation: Natural killer cells develop from the common lymphoid progenitor in the bone marrow. 18. The one disease that is not a lysosomal glycogen storage disorder is A) Fabry's disease B) Pompe's disease C) Tay Sachs disease D) Von Gierke's disease E) McArdle's disease ✅ Answer: C Explanation: Tay Sachs disease is a lysosomal storage disorder (a sphingolipidosis) but does not involve glycogen metabolism. 19. The following processes occur during protein synthesis except: A) Translation. B) Transcription. C) DNA translocation. D) t-RNA activation. E) RNA translocation. Answer: C Explanation: DNA translocation is not a process directly involved in protein synthesis; protein synthesis involves transcription and translation. 20. All cells A) can interconvert chemical materials. B) have DNA as the genetic material. C) can interconvert forms of energy. D) All of the choices are correct. E) are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions different from the surroundings. ✅ Answer: D Explanation: All living cells exhibit fundamental characteristics including metabolism (interconverting chemical materials), genetic material (DNA), energy conversion, and being enclosed by a membrane. 2