Aponeurosis Anatomy Question Bank — Lower OmpathStudy

Continued from $1. Lower Limb — Reference Figures Fully labelled reference figures from Dr. Anne Pulei's "Limb Anatomy: Revision" lecture — use these for revision alongside the spot questions above. Pelvis Posterior Thigh (Hamstrings) Anterior Thigh & Femoral Triangle Quadriceps Femoris Tibia and Fibula Fascial Compartments of the Leg Anterior/Lateral Leg Dissection Popliteal Fossa Posterior Leg (Triceps Surae) Genicular (Peri-Patellar) Anastomosis Sole of the Foot (Four Layers) Plantar Arterial Arch Superficial Venous Drainage --- Vertebral Column & Spine Q89: (a) State the root value of M. (b) Describe the anatomical basis of gallbladder pain referral to the right shoulder Answer: M: phrenic nerve Root value: C3, C4, C5 (source key states "C1–C5"; the classical root value is C3–C5, with C4 as the major contributor) The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and, via visceral afferents, the biliary apparatus Referred pain to the right shoulder occurs because the phrenic nerve (C3–C5) shares spinal cord segments with the supraclavicular nerves, which supply the shoulder skin --- Q90: Identify A and B; two stability factors of the spinal cord Answer: A — denticulate ligament B — dorsal nerve root Stability factors of the spinal cord: Continuation with the brainstem Spinal nerves Denticulate ligaments Filum terminale Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) --- Q91: Vertebra — name X and Y; two ligaments attaching to Z (2+2 marks) Answer: X — transverse process Y — lamina Two ligaments attaching to Z (spinous process): supraspinous ligament; interspinous ligament --- Q92: Outline four actions of the intervertebral disc, A (4 marks) Answer: Separates adjacent vertebral bodies Absorbs shock/compressive load Prevents friction between vertebral bodies Permits slight movement between vertebrae, contributing to overall spinal flexibility --- Q93: (a) Identify the vertebra shown and its region. (b) State the level of termination of the spinal cord and one related clinical feature Answer: Cervical vertebra Distinguishing features: foramen transversarium, bifid spinous process Spinal cord terminates at L1/L2 (conus medullaris) Related feature: presence of the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space below the cord, used for lumbar puncture) --- Q94: Cervical rib — symptoms of B; varieties of D (2+2 marks) Answer: Symptoms of a cervical rib (B) — thoracic outlet compression: Ischaemia of the upper limb Loss of sensation in the upper limb Loss of motor innervation to the upper limb Varieties of D (encephalocele-type swelling): Meningocele Myelomeningocele Related, also worth knowing: syringomyelia (a related spinal cord anomaly, not a variety of D itself) --- Q95: Reflex arc neurons — functional and structural types of A, B, C (3 marks) Answer: A — efferent (motor) neuron — structurally multipolar B — interneuron — structurally bipolar C — afferent (sensory) neuron — structurally unipolar (pseudounipolar) --- Q96: Vertebrae identification — A and B; structure through X; attachment at Y (2+1+1 marks) Answer: A — lumbar vertebra B — cervical vertebra (atlas, C1) Main structure traversing X (transverse foramen of the atlas): vertebral artery Structure attaching at Y (posterior tubercle/arch region): apical ligament of the dens (and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane region) --- Skull, Scalp & Face Q97: Identify A–D; two contents of A Answer: A — superior sagittal sinus B — inferior sagittal sinus C — straight sinus D — occipital sinus Two contents of A (superior sagittal sinus): venous blood; cerebrospinal fluid (reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations) --- Q98: Identify the basis for the skin conditions displayed, A and B Answer: A — ichthyosis vulgaris: basis is hyperkeratinisation B — hypertrichosis: basis is excessive growth of hair follicles --- Q99: Cranial fossa — identify A and B; two structures through C (2+2 marks) Answer: A — frontal air sinus B — crista galli Two structures passing through C (superior orbital fissure region): Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve Accessory meningeal artery --- Q100: Fontanelles and facial prominences — closure times of A and B; name C and D (2+2 marks) Answer: A (anterior fontanelle) closes: 12–18 months B (posterior fontanelle) closes: 9 months C — frontonasal prominence D — mandibular prominence --- Q101: Cavernous sinus region — identify G and H; foramen of exit of E and F (2+2 marks) Answer: G — optic chiasma H — sphenoidal air sinus Foramen of exit of E: superior orbital fissure Foramen of exit of F: foramen rotundum --- Q102: Scalp sensory territories — sensory innervation of C and D; lymph drainage of the scalp (2+2 marks) Answer: Sensory innervation of C: mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3); also dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves supply the region behind it Sensory innervation of D: dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves Two primary lymph node groups draining the scalp: Occipital lymph nodes (posteriorly) Parotid lymph nodes (anteriorly) --- Q103: Facial/scalp veins —