General Pathology I — Past Paper OmpathStudy

SCHOOL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE - DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL SCIENCES BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE AND COMMUNITY HEALTH (REGULAR) --- UNIT CODE: BPA1201/BPA3101 UNIT TITLE: GENERAL PATHOLOGY I DATE: TUESDAY 19TH APRIL, 2022 - 2:00 PM EXAM TYPE: MAIN EXAM TIME: 2 HOURS --- INSTRUCTIONS THIS PAPER HAS THREE SECTIONS ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE QUESTION PAPER --- SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CHOOSE THE SINGLE BEST ANSWER TO EACH QUESTION Question 1 Name the response that best categorizes cells: a) Labile cells b) Stable cells c) Permanent cells d) Semi permeable cells e) A, B, and C Answer: e) A, B, and C Explanation: Cells are categorized into three types based on their proliferative capacity: labile cells (continuously dividing), stable cells (divide when stimulated), and permanent cells (non-dividing post-mitotic cells). --- Question 2 All the granulomatous diseases EXCEPT: a) Tuberculosis b) Sarcoidosis c) Schistosomiasis d) Syphilis e) Asthma Answer: e) Asthma Explanation: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by eosinophilia and smooth muscle hypertrophy, not granulomatous inflammation. The others all cause granulomatous reactions. --- Question 3 The following are chemical mediators of chronic inflammation EXCEPT: a) Leukotrienes b) Complement proteins c) Interleukins d) Cytokines e) Hormones Answer: e) Hormones Explanation: While hormones can modulate inflammatory responses, they are not considered primary chemical mediators of chronic inflammation. Leukotrienes, complement, interleukins, and cytokines are key inflammatory mediators. --- Question 4 The most important cell in chronic inflammation is: a) Macrophages b) Monocyte c) Lymphocyte d) Fibroblast e) Smooth Muscle Cell Answer: a) Macrophages Explanation: Macrophages are the hallmark cells of chronic inflammation, responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and secretion of inflammatory mediators and growth factors. --- Question 5 The following are causes of pathological atrophy EXCEPT: a) Reduced nervous supply b) Ischaemia c) Malnutrition d) Muscle disease e) None of the above Answer: e) None of the above Explanation: All listed options (denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, and muscle disease) are valid causes of pathological atrophy - reduction in cell size and organ mass. --- Question 6 The following are functions of cellular adaptations EXCEPT: a) Phagocytosis b) Antigen processing c) Secretion of inflammatory substances d) Lysis e) None of the above Answer: e) None of the above Explanation: All listed functions can be part of cellular adaptations. Cells can adapt to perform various functions including phagocytosis, antigen processing, secretion, and lysis in response to environmental changes. --- Question 7 Mechanisms of cell injury include all EXCEPT: a) Damaged mitochondrial functions b) Leaky cell membrane c) Normal protein synthesis d) Deranged calcium homeostasis e) Leakage of lysosomal enzymes Answer: c) Normal protein synthesis Explanation: Normal protein synthesis is a sign of cellular health, not injury. Cell injury involves mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, calcium dysregulation, and lysosomal enzyme leakage. --- Question 8 A tuberculous granuloma is comprised of: a) Fibroblasts and capillaries b) Capillaries and giant cells c) Endothelial cells and neutrophils d) Young capillaries e) Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes Answer: e) Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes Explanation: Tuberculous granulomas are characterized by central caseating necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, and a peripheral layer of lymphocytes and plasma cells. --- Question 9 Events surrounding chronic inflammation include all EXCEPT: a) Infiltration with macrophages b) Angiogenesis c) Attempts at repair d) Tissue destruction e) Infiltration with neutrophils Answer: e) Infiltration with neutrophils Explanation: Neutrophil infiltration is characteristic of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation is characterized by macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, repair attempts, and tissue destruction. --- Question 10 The heart and kidneys are prone to this type of cellular adaptation: a) Dysplasia b) Hyperplasia c) Hypertrophy d) Atrophy e) Anaplasia Answer: c) Hypertrophy Explanation: Heart and kidney cells are primarily post-mitotic, so they respond to increased workload by increasing cell size (hypertrophy) rather than cell number (hyperplasia). --- Question 11 Low albumin results in: a) Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure b) Decreased colloid osmotic pressure c) Decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure d) Decrease in interstitial pressure e) None of the above Answer: b) Decreased colloid osmotic pressure Explanation: Albumin is the major contributor to plasma oncotic pressure. Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) decreases colloid osmotic pressure, leading to fluid extravasation and edema. --- Question 12 White blood cell