General Pathology I — MCQs, Short Answers & OmpathStudy

Question 1 Name the response that best categorizes cells A. Labile cells B. Stable cells C. Permanent cells D. Semi permeable cells E. A, B, and C Answer: E. A, B, and C Explanation: Cells are categorized into three types based on their proliferative capacity: labile cells (continuously dividing), stable cells (divide when stimulated), and permanent cells (non-dividing post-mitotic cells). --- --- Question 2 All the granulomatous diseases EXCEPT A. Tuberculosis B. Sarcoidosis C. Schistosomiasis D. Syphilis E. Asthma Answer: E. Asthma Explanation: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by eosinophilia and smooth muscle hypertrophy, not granulomatous inflammation. The others all cause granulomatous reactions. --- --- Question 3 The following are chemical mediators of chronic inflammation EXCEPT A. Leukotrienes B. Complement proteins C. Interleukins D. Cytokines E. Hormones Answer: E. Hormones Explanation: While hormones can modulate inflammatory responses, they are not considered primary chemical mediators of chronic inflammation. Leukotrienes, complement, interleukins, and cytokines are key inflammatory mediators. --- --- Question 4 The most important cell in chronic inflammation is A. Macrophages B. Monocyte C. Lymphocyte D. Fibroblast E. Smooth Muscle Cell Answer: A. Macrophages Explanation: Macrophages are the hallmark cells of chronic inflammation, responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and secretion of inflammatory mediators and growth factors. --- --- Question 5 The following are causes of pathological atrophy EXCEPT A. Reduced nervous supply B. Ischaemia C. Malnutrition D. Muscle disease E. None of the above Answer: E. None of the above Explanation: All listed options (denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, and muscle disease) are valid causes of pathological atrophy - reduction in cell size and organ mass. --- --- Question 6 The following are functions of cellular adaptations EXCEPT A. Phagocytosis B. Antigen processing C. Secretion of inflammatory substances D. Lysis E. None of the above Answer: E. None of the above Explanation: All listed functions can be part of cellular adaptations. Cells can adapt to perform various functions including phagocytosis, antigen processing, secretion, and lysis in response to environmental changes. --- --- Question 7 Mechanisms of cell injury include all EXCEPT A. Damaged mitochondrial functions B. Leaky cell membrane C. Normal protein synthesis D. Deranged calcium homeostasis E. Leakage of lysosomal enzymes Answer: C. Normal protein synthesis Explanation: Normal protein synthesis is a sign of cellular health, not injury. Cell injury involves mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, calcium dysregulation, and lysosomal enzyme leakage. --- --- Question 8 A tuberculous granuloma is comprised of A. Fibroblasts and capillaries B. Capillaries and giant cells C. Endothelial cells and neutrophils D. Young capillaries E. Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes Answer: E. Central necrotic area, epithelioid cells and lymphocytes Explanation: Tuberculous granulomas are characterized by central caseating necrosis surrounded by epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, and a peripheral layer of lymphocytes and plasma cells. --- --- Question 9 Events surrounding chronic inflammation include all EXCEPT A. Infiltration with macrophages B. Angiogenesis C. Attempts at repair D. Tissue destruction E. Infiltration with neutrophils Answer: E. Infiltration with neutrophils Explanation: Neutrophil infiltration is characteristic of acute inflammation. Chronic inflammation is characterized by macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, repair attempts, and tissue destruction. --- --- Question 10 The heart and kidneys are prone to this type of cellular adaptation A. Dysplasia B. Hyperplasia C. Hypertrophy D. Atrophy E. Anaplasia Answer: C. Hypertrophy Explanation: Heart and kidney cells are primarily post-mitotic, so they respond to increased workload by increasing cell size (hypertrophy) rather than cell number (hyperplasia). --- --- Question 11 Low albumin results in A. Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure B. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure C. Decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure D. Decrease in interstitial pressure E. None of the above Answer: B. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure Explanation: Albumin is the major contributor to plasma oncotic pressure. Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) decreases colloid osmotic pressure, leading to fluid extravasation and edema. --- --- Question 12 White blood cells attach to endothelial cells in the inflammatory process using their surface receptors called A. Integrins B. E-Selection C. P-Selection D. XCAMS E. CD35 Answer: A. Integrins Explanation: Integrins on leukocytes bind to adhesion molecules (like ICAM-1) on endothelial cells, allowing firm adhesion before transmigration. Selectins mediate rolling, not firm adhesion. --- --- Question 13 A white blood cell that is involved in the acute inf