Medical Physiology — GIT, Renal, Endocrine & OmpathStudy

Continued from $1. Question 152 The primary function of the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is to: A. Stimulate gastric emptying B. Enhance insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon C. Increase appetite D. Stimulate bile release ✅ Answer: B. Enhance insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon Explanation: Enhance insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 153 Which of the following is a characteristic of dumping syndrome? A. Delayed gastric emptying B. Rapid emptying of hyperosmolar contents into the small intestine C. Increased bile secretion D. Decreased intestinal motility ✅ Answer: B. Rapid emptying of hyperosmolar contents into the small intestine Explanation: Rapid emptying of hyperosmolar contents into the small intestine is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 154 The primary function of the hormone peptide YY (PYY) is to: A. Stimulate hunger B. Inhibit appetite and slow gastric emptying C. Increase gastric acid secretion D. Stimulate pancreatic enzyme release ✅ Answer: B. Inhibit appetite and slow gastric emptying Explanation: Inhibit appetite and slow gastric emptying is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 155 Which of the following is NOT secreted by the pancreas? A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Gastrin D. Somatostatin ✅ Answer: C. Gastrin Explanation: Gastrin is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 156 What phase of gastric regulation includes inhibition by the enterogastric reflex? A. The intestinal phase B. The gastric phase C. The buccal phase D. The cephalic phase E. The pharyngo-esophageal phase ✅ Answer: E. The pharyngo-esophageal phase Explanation: The pharyngo-esophageal phase is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 157 Secretion of K⁺ by the distal tubule will be decreased by: A. Metabolic alkalosis B. A high-K⁺ diet C. Hyperaldosteronism D. Spironolactone administration E. Thiazide diuretic administration ✅ Answer: D. Spironolactone administration Explanation: Spironolactone administration is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 158 Subjects A and B are 70-kg men. Subject A drinks 2 L of distilled water, and subject B drinks 2 L of isotonic NaCl. As a result of these ingestions, subject B will have a: A. Greater change in intracellular fluid (ICF) volume B. Higher positive free-water clearance (CH₂O) C. Greater change in plasma osmolarity D. Higher urine osmolarity E. Higher urine flow rate ✅ Answer: D. Higher urine osmolarity Explanation: Higher urine osmolarity is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 159 The correct diagnosis for this patient is: A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis E. Normal acid-base status ✅ Answer: A. Metabolic acidosis Explanation: Metabolic acidosis is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 160 Which of the following statements about this patient is correct? A. She is hypoventilating B. The decreased arterial [HCO₃⁻] is a result of buffering of excess H⁺ by HCO₃⁻ C. The decreased blood [K⁺] is a result of exchange of intracellular H⁺ for extracellular K⁺ D. The decreased blood [K⁺] is a result of increased circulating levels of aldosterone E. The decreased blood [K⁺] is a result of decreased circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ✅ Answer: C. The decreased blood [K⁺] is a result of exchange of intracellular H⁺ for extracellular K⁺ Explanation: The decreased blood [K⁺] is a result of exchange of intracellular H⁺ for extracellular K⁺ is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 161 At what value of glomerular capillary oncotic pressure would glomerular filtration stop? A. 57 mm Hg B. 47 mm Hg C. 37 mm Hg D. 10 mm Hg E. 0 mm Hg ✅ Answer: A. 57 mm Hg Explanation: 57 mm Hg is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 162 The reabsorption of filtered HCO₃⁻: A. Results in reabsorption of less than 50% of the filtered load when the plasma concentration of HCO₃⁻ is 24 mEq/L B. Acidifies tubular fluid to a pH of 4.4 C. Is directly linked to excretion of H⁺ as NH₄⁺ D. Is inhibited by decreases in arterial PCO₂ E. Can proceed normally in the presence of a renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ✅ Answer: D. Is inhibited by decreases in arterial PCO₂ Explanation: Is inhibited by decreases in arterial PCO₂ is the physiologically correct answer per standard MBChB-level teaching on this topic. --- Question 163 Assuming that X is freely filtered, which of the following statements is most correct? A. There is n