Medical Pathology Final Revision: Chemical, OmpathStudy

FINAL PATHOLOGY REVISION — CONSOLIDATED COPY (sorted to your exam timetable — confirmed-from-PDF content marked ✅, supplementary gap-fill marked ⚠️) --- 📅 MONDAY 14th JULY, 8–11 AM — MBPA 3600 Chemical Pathology ✅ Essay/SAQ questions (from actual past papers): 1. 5-month-old, severe diarrhoea, given Na/K/Cl/HCO3/urea: (a) state fluid status (2 marks), (b) state confirming lab values (3 marks). 2. 65-year-old jaundice, given bilirubin/ALT/AST/ALP: (a) 2 differential diagnoses (2 marks), (b) 3 further investigations + expected results (3 marks). 3. State 3 endocrine diseases causing secondary diabetes + mechanism. 4. List 5 factors causing intra-individual variation in lab values. 5. Lab tests for investigating hypercalcaemia in a 40-year-old female. 6. Tests comprising "liver function tests" + what each indicates. 7. Essay (30 marks): Lab investigations and expected abnormalities in acute and chronic renal failure. Must-knows: Acid-base grid — memorize cold: pH PCO2 HCO3⁻ --- --- --- --- Resp acidosis ↓ ↑ N/↑ Resp alkalosis ↑ ↓ N Metabolic acidosis ↓ N/↓ ↓ Metabolic alkalosis ↑ N ↑ Vomiting → metabolic alkalosis ; diarrhoea → metabolic acidosis . Hypoparathyroidism = ↓Ca²⁺ + ↑phosphate. Diabetes cutoffs: FPG ≥7.0, 2hr-OGTT ≥11.1, random glucose ≥11.1 + symptoms. eGFR (MDRD) needs: creatinine, age, gender, race. ADH → V2 receptors → collecting duct water permeability; thick ascending limb = "diluting segment." Fluoride tube = glucose sample only. LFTs: ALT/AST = hepatocellular; ALP/GGT = cholestatic; albumin/PT = synthetic function. ⚠️ Renal pathology gap-fill: AKI (pre-renal/renal/post-renal causes, ↑urea/creatinine/K⁺, oliguria) vs CKD (persistent ↑urea/creatinine, anaemia from ↓EPO, hypocalcaemia+hyperphosphataemia). BUN:creatinine ratio 20:1 = pre-renal. --- 📅 MONDAY 14th JULY, 2–5 PM — MBML 3200/3223 Haematology & Blood Transfusion ✅ Essay/SAQ questions: 1. Reactive neutrophilia — what film features confirm this? 2. Elderly woman, Hb 8.0, MCV 130fL, MCHC 32pg — (a) ONE diagnosis, (b) confirmatory tests. 3. List 5 lab features of haemolytic anaemia. 4. Outline 5 clinical features expected in acute leukaemia. 5. Explain lab investigations characterizing iron deficiency anaemia. 6. Essay (20 marks): Describe FBC components + diagnostic significance of abnormality in each. 7. State 5 acute transfusion reactions + mechanisms. Must-knows: Bone marrow site: iliac crest (adult) vs tibial tuberosity (child <2yrs). Anaemia classified by MCV + MCHC. Sickle cell: valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of β-chain. HbH = deletion of 3 of 4 alpha genes. Haemolytic anaemia: ↑reticulocytes, ↓haptoglobin, ↑unconjugated bilirubin, haemoglobinuria, normocytic. AIHA confirmed by positive Coombs/DAT. Macrocytic anaemia → B12/folate deficiency; hypersegmented neutrophils. Microangiopathic haemolysis → schistocytes. Neutropenia = ANC <1.5×10⁹/L; predisposes to infection (doesn't result from bacterial infection). Acute viral infection → lymphocytosis. Acute leukaemia: normocytic normochromic anaemia; cytopenias from marrow replacement; ALL peaks age 2–5yrs. Vitamin K → carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X. --- 📅 TUESDAY 15th JULY, 12–2 PM — MBPA 3500 Systemic Pathology, PAPER 1 (General Pathology) ✅ Essay/SAQ questions: 1. Outline cellular adaptation mechanisms. 2. Describe the vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation (asked 3×). 3. Describe cellular events of acute inflammation chronologically. 4. Outline mediators of chronic inflammation + their actions. 5. State histological hallmarks of chronic inflammation. 6. Differentiate exudate from transudate. 7. Outline complications of wound healing. 8. Briefly describe wound healing under granulation tissue and scar formation. 9. Describe processes of cutaneous wound healing and repair. 10. Compare wound healing by primary vs secondary intention (asked 3×). 11. List 5 immediate life-threatening chest injuries at autopsy. 12. Outline major steps in conducting an autopsy. 13. State 5 cytomorphologic features of malignant cells (asked twice). 14. Briefly outline TNM classification of tumours. 15. Define Neoplasia; describe transformation of normal → malignant cell. 16. Discuss chemical carcinogenesis. 17. Define: Oncogene, Oncoprotein, Proto-oncogene. 18. Compare and contrast Apoptosis and Necrosis. 19. Define: Hypoxia, Necrosis, Apoptosis, Anoxia. 20. Outline steps in preparing cytology specimens. 21. Write short notes on Amyloidosis (asked twice). 22. Discuss aetiology, pathogenesis, morphologic evolution of atherosclerosis. 23. Describe chronic inflammatory process; discuss granuloma formation. 24. List 4 biological properties of the complement system. 25. Differentiate benign vs malignant conditions. 26. Give 3 examples of metaplasia. 27. List 4 metabolic pigmentation disorders; discuss one. 28. Chronologically list the 10 steps from biopsy to slide reaching the pathologist. Must-knows: Cell regeneration hierarchy: Labile Stable Permanent (cardiac muscle = LEAST reg