Pharmacology Cheat Code — Notes OmpathStudy

Question 1 What impacts drug response by changing number of receptors? a) Down regulation b) Receptor affinity c) Signal transduction d) Cell membrane fluidity Answer: a) Down regulation Explanation: Chronic agonist exposure reduces receptor numbers (downregulation), lowering the cell's response over time. --- Question 2 What type of medication is griseofulvin? a) Antiretroviral b) Antibacterial c) Antifungal d) Antiviral Answer: c) Antifungal Explanation: It disrupts fungal microtubule function, blocking mitosis; used for dermatophyte (ringworm) infections. --- Question 3 What term refers to the amount of drug at the site of action? a) Bioavailability b) Half-life c) Absorption d) Biopharmaceutics Answer: a) Bioavailability Explanation: It's the fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation unchanged and available to act. --- Question 4 Rimantadine is used to treat or prevent: a) Influenza A b) Influenza B c) Measles d) Mumps Answer: a) Influenza A Explanation: It blocks the M2 ion channel, which only Influenza A possesses — Influenza B lacks this channel. --- Question 5 Diphenhydramine is classified as which type of drug? a) Antibiotic b) ACE inhibitor c) Antihistamine d) Antifungal Answer: c) Antihistamine Explanation: A first-generation H1 receptor blocker; sedating, used for allergies and as a sleep aid. --- Question 6 Dactinomycin is identified as which type of medication? a) Antifungal agent b) Alkylating agent c) Antimetabolite d) Antitumor antibiotic Answer: d) Antitumor antibiotic Explanation: It intercalates DNA and inhibits RNA polymerase; used in Wilms tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma. --- Question 7 What impacts oral absorption but not injectable bioavailability? a) Ionization b) First-pass metabolism c) P-glycoprotein transporters d) Lipophilicity Answer: b) First-pass metabolism Explanation: Oral drugs pass through the gut wall and liver before reaching systemic circulation; injected drugs bypass this step. --- Question 8 Fluconazole is used to treat which type of infections? a) Viral b) Protozoal c) Fungal d) Bacterial Answer: c) Fungal Explanation: A triazole antifungal that inhibits 14-α-demethylase, blocking ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes. --- Question 9 Enzymatic metabolism that introduces reactive groups is called: a) First-pass effect b) Phase I metabolism c) Dealkylation d) Glucuronidation Answer: b) Phase I metabolism Explanation: Phase I reactions (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis via CYP450) add or expose reactive groups, preparing the drug for Phase II conjugation. --- Question 10 Which medication is an antifungal in the polyene class? a) Fluconazole b) Amphotericin B c) Itraconazole d) Terbinafine Answer: b) Amphotericin B Explanation: Polyenes bind ergosterol in fungal membranes, forming pores that cause cell death; Amphotericin B is used for severe systemic mycoses. --- Question 11 What statement best describes pharmacodynamics? a) Drug transit in the body b) Biologic response to a drug c) Liver enzyme metabolism d) Route of administration Answer: b) Biologic response to a drug Explanation: Pharmacodynamics (P D) is "what the drug does to the body" — the mechanism and effect of a drug on its target. --- Question 12 Mercaptopurine is used to treat: a) Autoimmune disorders b) Cancer c) Tuberculosis d) Bacterial infections Answer: b) Cancer Explanation: A purine antimetabolite that interferes with DNA/RNA synthesis; used mainly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). --- Question 13 Which receptor type uses cAMP as a second messenger? a) GABA b) Nicotinic c) Glycine d) Adrenergic Answer: d) Adrenergic Explanation: Adrenergic receptors are G-protein coupled; beta-adrenergic activation raises cAMP via adenylyl cyclase. --- Question 14 Ganciclovir is used to treat infections caused by: a) Human immunodeficiency virus b) Hepatitis C virus c) Cytomegalovirus d) Hepatitis B virus Answer: c) Cytomegalovirus Explanation: A guanosine analog that inhibits viral DNA polymerase; the drug of choice for CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients. --- Question 15 What is the study of time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion? a) Pharmacodynamics b) Pharmacokinetics c) Pharmacotherapeutics d) Pharmacogenetics Answer: b) Pharmacokinetics Explanation: Pharmacokinetics (PK) is "what the body does to the drug" — ADM E. --- Question 16 Vincristine is classified as a (an): a) Monoclonal antibody b) Alkylating agent c) Vinca alkaloid d) Taxane Answer: c) Vinca alkaloid Explanation: Binds tubulin, inhibiting microtubule formation and arresting mitosis; notable for causing peripheral neuropathy. --- Question 17 What antidiarrheal medication is an opioid agonist used to slow bowel movements? a) Sucralfate b) Polyethylene glycol c) Magnesium hydroxide d) Diphenoxylate Answer: d) Diphenoxylate Explanation: An opioid agonist acting on gut mu-receptors to slow peristalsis; combined with atropine (as in Lomotil) to deter abuse. --- Question 18 Which