Heart failure Year 4 Internal Medicine Notes OmpathStudy

Heart failure Year 4 · Internal Medicine Collection: 4TH YEAR ALL NOTES / IMED / I MED BEAUTIFUL NOTES / CVS -- ● Objectives: ● Different​ ​classifications​ ​of​ ​heart​ ​failure ● Causes​ ​and​ ​precipitating​ ​factors​ ​for​ ​heart​ ​failure​ ​decompensation ● Pathophysiology,​ ​therapies​ ​that​ ​improve​ ​survival,​ ​and​ ​prognosis. ● Diagnostic​ ​tests​ ​of​ ​HF ● Different​ ​treatment​ ​of​ ​HF ● Side​ ​effects​ ​of​ ​medication​ ​of​ ​HF ● Management​ ​of​ ​cardiac​ ​risk​ ​factors​ ​for​ ​HF ● Role​ ​of​ ​devices​ ​and​ ​lifestyle​ ​in​ ​HF​ ​treatment\n\n[​ ​ ​ ​ ​Editing​ ​file​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Feedback​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Share​ ​your​ ​notes​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Shared​ ​notes​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Twitter​ ​ ​ ​ ​]\n[​ ​Color​ ​index​ ​:​ ​ ​Important​ ​ ​ ​ ​Notes​ ​ ​ ​Extra​ ​] ● Resources: ● 435​ ​slides\n\n● Done​ ​by:​ ​Mana​ ​AlMuhaideb​ ​&​ ​Mohammed​ ​AlZahim ● Team​ ​sub-leader:​ ​Mana​ ​AlMuhaideb ● Team​ ​leaders:​ ​Khawla​ ​AlAmmari​ ​&​ ​Fahad​ ​AlAbdullatif ● Revised​ ​by:​ ​Ahmed​ ​Alyahya​ ​ ​ ​&​ ​ ​ ​Luluh​ ​Alzeghayer \n\n ​ ​Introduction\n\n NOTE​ ​:​ ​Based​ ​on​ ​what​ ​doctors​ ​said,cardiomyopathy​ ​lecture​ ​is​ ​for​ ​your​ ​own​ ​knowledge,​ ​if\nyou​ ​are​ ​interested​ ​check​ ​out​ ​this​ ​file\n\n● General​ ​principles:​ ​(watch​ ​this) Ejection​ ​Fraction​ ​(EF)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​ ​measurement​ ​of​ ​how​ ​much​ ​blood​ ​the​ ​left​ ​ventricle​ ​pumps​ ​out​ ​with​ ​each​ ​contraction,\nNormally​ ​between​ ​50%​ ​and​ ​70%.​ ​An​ ​ejection​ ​fraction​ ​of​ ​60​ ​percent​ ​means​ ​that​ ​60​ ​percent​ ​of​ ​the​ ​total​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​blood\nin​ ​the​ ​left​ ​ventricle​ ​is​ ​pushed​ ​out​ ​with​ ​each​ ​heartbeat. Preload​ ​is​ ​the​ ​end-diastolic​ ​volume​ ​(EDV)​ ​at​ ​the​ ​beginning​ ​of​ ​systole.​ ​It’s​ ​The​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​ventricular​ ​stretch​ ​at​ ​the\nend​ ​of​ ​diastole. Afterload​ ​is​ ​the​ ​ventricular​ ​pressure​ ​at​ ​the​ ​end​ ​of​ ​systole​ ​(ESP)​.​ ​The​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​resistance​ ​the​ ​heart​ ​must\novercome​ ​to​ ​open​ ​the​ ​aortic​ ​valve​ ​and​ ​push​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​volume​ ​out​ ​into​ ​the​ ​systemic​ ​Circulation. Cardiac​ ​output​ ​is​ ​simply​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​blood​ ​pumped​ ​by​ ​the​ ​heart​ ​per​ ​minute.​ ​Necessarily,​ ​the​ ​cardiac​ ​output​ ​is​ ​the\nproduct​ ​of​ ​the​ ​heart​ ​rate​,​ ​which​ ​is​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​beats​ ​per​ ​minute,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​stroke​ ​volume​,​ ​which​ ​is​ ​amount​ ​pumped\nper​ ​beat:​ ​CO​ ​=​ ​HR​ ​X​ ​SV​ ​(Note​ ​:​ ​SV​ ​=​ ​EDV​ ​-​ ​ESV)​ ​.Cardiac​ ​output​ ​at​ ​rest​ ​is​ ​about​ ​5​ ​liters/minute​ ​(4900​ ​ml/min).Cardiac\noutput​ ​is​ ​determined​ ​by​ ​preload​ ​(the​ ​volume​ ​and​ ​pressure​ ​of​ ​blood​ ​in​ ​the​ ​ventricles​ ​at​ ​the​ ​end​ ​of​ ​diastole),\nafterload​ ​(the​ ​volume​ ​and​ ​pressure​ ​of​ ​blood​ ​in​ ​the​ ​ventricles​ ​during​ ​systole)​ ​and​ ​myocardial​ ​contractility;​ ​this​ ​is\nthe​ ​basis​ ​of​ ​Starling’s​ ​Law.\n\n ● Heart​ ​Failure:\n➔ Heart​ ​failure​ ​is​ ​a​ ​complex​ ​syndrome1​ ​that​ ​can​ ​result​ ​from​ ​any​ ​structural​ ​or​ ​functional​ ​cardiac\ndisorder​ ​that​ ​impairs​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​of​ ​the​ ​ventricle​ ​to​ ​fill​ ​with​ ​or​ ​eject​ ​blood.\n➔ Heart​ ​failure​ ​describes​ ​the​ ​state​ ​that​ ​develops​ ​when​ ​the​ ​heart​ ​cannot​ ​maintain​ ​an​ ​adequate​ ​cardiac\noutput​ ​or​ ​can​ ​do​ ​so​ ​only​ ​at​ ​the​ ​expense​ ​of​ ​elevated​ ​filling​ ​pressures.​ ​In​ ​mild​ ​to​ ​moderate​ ​forms​ ​of\nheart​ ​failure,​ ​cardiac​ ​output​ ​is​ ​normal​ ​at​ ​rest​ ​and​ ​only​ ​becomes​ ​impaired​ ​when​ ​the​ ​metabolic​ ​demand\nincreases​ ​during​ ​exercise​ ​or​ ​some​ ​other​ ​form​ ​of​ ​stress.\n➔ In​ ​practice,​ ​heart​ ​failure​ ​may​ ​be​ ​diagnosed​ ​when​ ​a​ ​patient​ ​with​ ​significant​ ​heart​ ​disease​ ​develops​ ​the\nsigns​ ​or​ ​symptoms​ ​of​ ​a​ ​low​ ​cardiac​ ​output,​ ​pulmonary​ ​congestion​ ​or​ ​systemic​ ​venous​ ​congestion\n(​signs​ ​and​ ​symptoms​ ​of​ ​interstitial​ ​volume​ ​overload​ ​and/or​ ​manifestations​ ​of​ ​inadequate​ ​tissue​ ​perfusion).\n➔ Almost​ ​all​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​heart​ ​disease​ ​can​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​heart​ ​failure​.​ ​An​ ​accurate​ ​aetiological​ ​diagnosis​ ​is\nimportant​ ​because​ ​treatment​ ​of​ ​the​ ​underlying​ ​cause​ ​may​ ​reverse​ ​heart​ ​failure​ ​or​ ​prevent​ ​its\nprogression.​ ​Approximately​ ​50​ ​%​ ​of​ ​patients​ ​die​ ​within​ ​5​ ​years.\n\n 1\n​ ​HF​ ​is​ ​a​ ​syndrome​ ​as​ ​a​ ​result​ ​of​ ​many​ ​diseases​ ​of​ ​the​ ​heart.​ ​Complex​ ​clinical​ ​syndrome​ ​:​ ​because​ ​there​ ​are​ ​many​ ​mechanism​ ​that​ ​will\nresult​ ​in​ ​HF​ ​signs​ ​and​ ​Sx. \n\nEtiology​ ​: Main​ ​causes ★ First​ ​:​ ​Ischemic​ ​heart​ ​disease,​ ​most​ ​common​ ​cause​ ​(35–40%)\n★ Second​ ​:​ ​Cardiomyopathy​ ​(dilated)​ ​(30–34%)\n★ Third​ ​:​ ​Hypertension​ ​(15–20%) Other​ ​causes ● Cardiomyopathies​ ​(other​ ​than​ ​dilated)​ ​:​ ​hypertrophic,​ ​restrictive​ ​(amyloidosis,​ ​sarcoidosis)\n● Valvular​ ​heart​ ​disease​ ​(mitral,​ ​aortic,​ ​tricuspid)\n● Congeni