64 clinical MCQs in Physiology. In Adaptive control what is not true? —. Kenya, Africa and global revision.
-
Q1. In Adaptive control what is not true? ---
- The controller may cause the system to adapt to the external influences
- The controlled system may proliferate.
- The stimulus for the adaptation may be a feedback from the controlled variable
- If the demand for the controlled variable falls, then the controlled system may undergo effects of disuse
- It is usually reversible
Answer: The controller may cause the system to adapt to the external influences
-
Q2. Body fluid compartments: ---
- This refers to the physical distribution of water within the cells
- Are completely physically and chemically distinct from one another.
- Intra-cellular compartment comprises 14 litres.
- Extracellular compartment is 1/3 of the total body water.
- Total blood volume is 3.5 litres
Answer: This refers to the physical distribution of water within the cells
-
Q3. The following single cell forms are able to carry out de novo synthesis of nutrients from raw materials ---
- bacteria
- DNA viruses
- Ovum
- Sperma ozoa
- Mature Red Blood Cells
Answer: bacteria
-
Q4. What is not true about nucleoli ? ---
- They stain lighter than the surrounding nucleoplasm
- Site of ribosome synthesis
- Store nucleic bases rather than complete nucleic acids
- more abundant in rapidly dividing cells
- do not have a unit membrane
Answer: They stain lighter than the surrounding nucleoplasm
-
Q5. Peroxisomes are rich in ---
- Hydrolases and proteases as compared to lysosomes
- Hydrogen peroxide and catalyses only
- Decarboxylases and rnases
- Oxidases and catalytic enzymes
- Hyaluronidase and other dehydrogenases
Answer: Hydrolases and proteases as compared to lysosomes
-
Q6. Mitochondria perform all the following functions except ---
- ATP synthesis from the common pool of intermediaries
- Hydrolysing of ATP through action ATP synthetase
- Hydrolyzing of fatty acids to free fatty acids
- Catecholamine and tryptophan oxidation
- Hydrolyzing alcohol in the liver
Answer: ATP synthesis from the common pool of intermediaries
-
Q7. During posttranslational modification proteins enter the Golgi Appatus through the ---
- Cis-phase
- Trans-plane
- 3'-prime end
- Translocons situated along the sides of the plate arrangement
- Surface closely related to the nuclear membrane
Answer: Cis-phase
-
Q8. With regard to control systems, what is NOT correct? ---
- The controlled variable is usually a measurable entity.
- The controlled system is any process or group of processes whose output is the controlled variable.
- The presence of sensors is mandatory for any control system.
- The controller may be in the central nervous system
- External influences could be harmful or helpful to the system
Answer: The controlled variable is usually a measurable entity.
-
Q9. In processes contributing to body homeostasis ---
- Cellular processes have little relevance to the overall whole body homeostasis
- Organ systems usually control one or more variables that contribute to the whole body homeostasis.
- Body temperature control is under feedback control only.
- Body pH control is an example of intracellular control only
- Height is under adaptive control
Answer: Cellular processes have little relevance to the overall whole body homeostasis
-
Q10. In Open loop control mechanisms ---
- The controlled variable level is constantly monitored
- Sensors are necessary
- Controllers are not necessary
- The controlled variable is not measurable
- Salivary secretion is an example
Answer: The controlled variable level is constantly monitored
-
Q11. Homeostasis ---
- Refers to the static and absolutely constant state of life processes.
- Refers to the maintenance of physiological parameters within physiological limits.
- Homeokinesis and Homeodynamism are unrelated terms.
- Occurs at cellular level only.
- Implies that control mechanisms are not necessary
Answer: Refers to the static and absolutely constant state of life processes.
-
Q12. In the theoretical control model, what is not true? ---
- The controller must have a 'set-point'
- Forcing functions have an effect on the controller.
- The controlled system may be affected by external inputs.
- The controlled variable level should remain relatively constant.
- Sensors may not be anatomically distinct from the controller.
Answer: The controller must have a 'set-point'
-
Q13. In Negative feedback control ---
- Changes in the controlled variable level are prevented.
- The response of the system is in the opposite direction to the change in the controlled variable
- Sensors feedback information to the controlled system.
- Fluctuation is an advantage.
- Simplicity of design is a disadvantage.
Answer: Changes in the controlled variable level are prevented.
-
Q14. In Positive feedback control ---
- Vicious cycles may develop if the system is working normally.
- AUGG or UAAG
- The poly A sequence
- Basal promoter region or CAAT
- Totally different for each protein
Answer: Vicious cycles may develop if the system is working normally.
-
Q15. Endoplasmic Reticulum related ribosomes mainly synthesizes ---
- sickle cell disease
- diabetes
- Fabry's disease
- phenylketonuria
- Down's syndrome
Answer: sickle cell disease
-
Q16. The control of the glands and smooth muscles of the visceral organs is mainly via the ---
- Central nervous system
- Enteric nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Motor system
Answer: Central nervous system
-
Q17. What percentage of the cells of the brain are nerve cells? ---
- Comprises of a total of 50 million genes
- Is made up of 30,000 genes
- Is composed of 3 x 106 nucleic base pairs
- Experiences only negative modification (mutation) when changes occur at meiosis
- Signal Recognition Peptides to direct protein entry into the correct site on the ER
Answer: Comprises of a total of 50 million genes
-
Q18. The one disease that is not a lysosomal glycogen storage disorder is ---
- Fabry's disease
- Pompe's disease
- McArdle's disease
- Von Gierke's disease
- Tay Sachs disease
Answer: Fabry's disease
-
Q19. The one disorder that is not a single gene defect is ---
- Pons
- Medulla
- Diencephalon
- Midbrain
- None of the above
Answer: Pons
-
Q20. Intracellular signaling effector molecules include the following, EXCEPT ---
- ligands
- contractile elements
- transport proteins and channels
- transcription factors
- enzymes
Answer: ligands
-
Q21. In the parietal cells of the gastric gland an extrudes $H^+$ across the apical membrane into the gland lumen ---
- $H^+-K^+$ pump
- $Ca^{2+}$ pump
- Na/K/Cl cotransporter
- K/Cl cotransporter
- Na-K pump
Answer: $H^+-K^+$ pump
-
Q22. All the following are categories of receptors on the basis of their associated mechanisms of signal transduction, EXCEPT ---
- G protein-coupled receptors
- Catalytic receptors
- Nuclear receptors
- heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate (GTP) receptors
- ligand-gated ion channels
Answer: G protein-coupled receptors
-
Q23. Tropomyosin ---
- Is a double stranded protein
- Has myosin receptors
- Covers active site on Myosin head
- Moves upon Troponin T stimulation
- Has actin complex attached on to it
Answer: Is a double stranded protein
-
Q24. These pairs are correctly matched to compare parasympathetic and sympathetic systems respectively except ---
- Stimulates salivation-Inhibits salivation.
- Relaxes bronchi-constricts bronchi
- Stimulates glucose storage-stimulates glucose release.
- Cholinergic-adrenergic.
- Relaxes rectum-contracts rectum.
Answer: Stimulates salivation-Inhibits salivation.
-
Q25. The following statements apply to neurotransmitters of autonomic nervous system except ---
- All preganglionics are cholinergic.
- All parasympathetic postganglionics are cholinergic.
- Stored in vesicles
- Sympathetic postganglionics to sweat glands are adrenergic.
- Synthesized in axon varicosities
Answer: All preganglionics are cholinergic.
-
Q26. Sympathetic nervous system ---
- Is always inhibitory
- Is exclusively efferent in function
- Conserves energy
- Mobilizes body energy stores.
- Preganglionic fibers are adrenergic
Answer: Is always inhibitory
-
Q27. These statements hold true about the functions of the autonomic nervous system except ---
- The enteric system is independent.
- Acetylcholinesterase combines choline and acetate.
- Norepinephrine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase.
- Circulating catecholaminesare degraded in the liver.
- Amine derived hormones are involved.
Answer: The enteric system is independent.
-
Q28. The following statements are true about the sympathetic nervous system except ---
- Chromaffin cells are modified postganglionic neurons.
- Adrenal medulla releases neurotransmitter directly at the synapse with effector tissue.
- Postganglionic neurons innervate skin blood vessels and sweat glands.
- Adrenal medulla catecholamine output is 80% adrenaline.
- Vascular smooth muscle tone, and sweating are under its regulation.
Answer: Chromaffin cells are modified postganglionic neurons.
-
Q29. Compared with skeletal muscle fibres, smooth muscles ---
- Have a higher oxygen consumption rate
- Maintain their contraction force for shorter periods
- Can sustain contractions for extended periods with easy fatiguability
- Can exhibit tonic contractions and maintain tension despite a continued load
- Exhibit a poor variety of cells
Answer: Have a higher oxygen consumption rate
-
Q30. Select the incorrect statement regarding the sensory system ---
- Has evolved primarily as a defence mechanism
- Is designed to monitor changes in environmental energy
- Has a three neuron system similar to the somatic sensory system
- Conveys all messages to the cortex without fail
- Designed to monitor all aspects of the environment
Answer: Has evolved primarily as a defence mechanism
-
Q31. The following is true about the general lay out of the sensory system ---
- A peripheral and a central two neuron system
- A peripheral and a spinal two neuron system
- A three neuron system similar to the somatic motor system
- A relay system that allows regulation of messaging at several levels
- Designed to monitor the high energy aspects of the environment
Answer: A peripheral and a central two neuron system
-
Q32. Select the incorrect statement regarding all the receptors in all sensory modalities ---
- They are all derived from neurons
- They are all housed in elaborate sensory organs
- They detect one type of environmental energy exclusively
- They are served by neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion
- They originate from the skin and internal organs
Answer: They are all derived from neurons
-
Q33. Chose the correct statement about the Sensory Relay system ---
- The primary neuron is always outside the outside CNS
- The primary neuron decussates (crosses the midline)
- The secondary neuron connects with the cortex
- The tertiary neuron has its cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion
- The thalamus perceives and synthesizes information
Answer: The primary neuron is always outside the outside CNS
-
Q34. The following statement most correctly describes postganglionic nerve endings ---
- terminate in bulbous varicosities
- all cholinergic
- always lead to sympathetic response
- terminate in sympathetic chains
- terminate in spinal cord
Answer: terminate in bulbous varicosities
-
Q35. The following are attributes of acetylcholine except ---
- synthesized in varicosities
- exocytosis is calcium-triggered
- stored in presynaptic vesicles
- degraded by acetylcholinesterase
- reuptake into nerve endings
Answer: synthesized in varicosities
-
Q36. The following statements apply to norepinephrine except ---
- synthesized in axoplasm
- termination is an active process
- converted to epinephrine
- acts longer in bloodstream
- enzymatic degradation
Answer: synthesized in axoplasm
-
Q37. The cross bridges of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle are made up of: ( ---
- Actin
- Myosin
- Troponin
- Tropomyosin
- Actin-myosin complex
Answer: Actin
-
Q38. During the intracellular signaling process, the step that results in the activation protein kinases and phosphates is ---
- modulation of the effector
- recognition
- transmission
- response
- transduction
Answer: modulation of the effector
-
Q39. Which of the following is an example of secondary active transporters ---
- It refers to the dynamic way in which the internal environment is maintained'
- Enteric nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
- Motor system
Answer: It refers to the dynamic way in which the internal environment is maintained'
-
Q40. Which of the following is not a hormone? ---
- Prolactin
- Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
- Thyroxine-binding globulin
- Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Cortisol
Answer: Prolactin
-
Q41. Where are the receptors for insulin located? ---
- In the pancreatic beta cells
- In the blood plasma
- On the target-cell membrane
- In the target-cell cytoplasm
- In the target-cell nucleus
Answer: In the pancreatic beta cells
-
Q42. The blood contained in a ventricle during isovolumetric relaxation is ---
- The end-systolic volume
- The end-diastolic volume
- The stroke volume
- The ejection fraction
- None of these; the ventricle is empty then
Answer: The end-systolic volume
-
Q43. Drugs that increase the heart rate have a effect. ---
- Myogenic
- Negative inotropic
- Positive inotropic
- Negative chronotropic
- Positive chronotropic
Answer: Myogenic
-
Q44. The renal system regulates all the following except ---
- Body water
- Ionic composition of extracellular fluid
- Osmolarity of the intracellular compartment
- Body temperature
- Concentration of hydrogen ions in extracellular compartment
Answer: Body water
-
Q45. Select the statement that is not correct regarding the sensory system ---
- Provides information about the environment
- Changes raw energy into action potentials
- Has a relay of basic three neurons
- The first order neuron is pseudobipolar
- Detects chemical changes as smell only
Answer: Provides information about the environment
-
Q46. Chose the one that is detected by the sensory system but is not a type of energy ---
- Pain
- Mechanical
- Thermal
- Light
- Chemical
Answer: Pain
-
Q47. The internal environment ---
- Refers to the conditions within the chest and abdominal cavity
- Refers to the conditions within the cell
- Refers to the extracellular fluid
- Refers to the conditions found at any level of organization within the body
- Refers to the conditions created by pathological processes within the body
Answer: Refers to the conditions within the chest and abdominal cavity
-
Q48. With regard to the fluid within the body, what is not true? ---
- It amounts to about 66% of total body mass.
- It is essential for life processes
- Its ionic properties enable neuronal processes to take place
- Its osmotic properties give cells turgidity
- Most is located extracellularly
Answer: It amounts to about 66% of total body mass.
-
Q49. The major phospholipids of the mammalian cell membrane are ---
- Sphingomyelin
- Sphingolipids and cardiolins
- Cholesterol and Lecithin
- Steroids
- Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
Answer: Sphingomyelin
-
Q50. The Golgi complex ---
- Is an organelle that participates in the breakdown of proteins and lipids
- Is an organelle that participates in posttranslational processing of proteins
- Is an organelle that participates in energy production
- Is an organelle that participates in transcription and translation
- Is a subcellular compartment that stores proteins for trafficking to the nucleus
Answer: Is an organelle that participates in the breakdown of proteins and lipids
-
Q51. Endoplasmic Reticulum related ribosomes mainly synthesize ---
- Neurotransmitters that are destined for packaging into secretory granules
- Cholesterol and steroids
- Structural proteins for unit membranes and lysosomal enzymes
- Free proteins of the cytoplasm such as haemoglobin and immunoglobulins
- Signal Recognition Peptides to direct protein entry into the correct site on the ER
Answer: Neurotransmitters that are destined for packaging into secretory granules
-
Q52. Nonconstitutive exocytosis ---
- Involves secreting fully processed substances where no further change occurs during transport
- Implies processing of the preprotein continues within the vesicle during the transport of the vesicle
- Is also referred to as the non regulated pathway
- Only occurs in excretion of fats and neurotransmitters
- None of the above
Answer: Involves secreting fully processed substances where no further change occurs during transport
-
Q53. Deficiency of cobalamin can arise from the following except ---
- Peptic uncler
- Atrophic gastritis
- Deudectomy
- Fish tapeworm
- Removal of terminal
Answer: Peptic uncler
-
Q54. Which of the following haemoglobin has an oxygen carrying capacity ---
- Carboxyhaemoglobin
- Methaemoglobin
- Sulphahaemoglobin
- Carbaminohaemoglobin
- Deoxyhaemoglobin
Answer: Carboxyhaemoglobin
-
Q55. One molecule of transferring normally binds these irons atoms ---
Answer: 4500
-
Q56. The cross bridges of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle are made up of ---
- Actin
- Myosin
- Troponin
- Tropomyosin
- Actin-myosin complex
Answer: Actin
-
Q57. All are TRUE about excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle EXCEPT ---
- $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ triggers contraction by binding on Troponin C
- The mechanism is similar to cardiac muscle contraction
- The action potential is transmitted via T-tubules
- Both contraction and relaxation require ATP
- Ryanodine receptors occur on the T-tubules
Answer: $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ triggers contraction by binding on Troponin C
-
Q58. Type I or red muscle fibers ---
- Are adapted for fast fine movements
- Have high myoglobin content
- Are well adapted to anaerobic respiration
- Have extensive sarcoplasmic recticulum
- Have low mitochondria g isovolumetric relaxation is. a ________ effect. Select the ONE best answer and enter in the answer sheet provided.
Answer: Are adapted for fast fine movements
-
Q59. Concerning the sympathetic nervous system, the following hold true except ---
- Chromaffin cells function as modified postganglionic neurons
- adrenal medulla releases neurotransmitter directly at the synapse with effector tissue
- Postganglionic neurons innervate skin blood vessels and sweat glands
- adrenal medulla forms 80% epinephrine compared to other catecholamines
- Vascular smooth muscle tone and sweating are under its regulation
Answer: Chromaffin cells function as modified postganglionic neurons
-
Q60. The following apply to the autonomic nervous system except ---
- divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
- parasympathetic division has craniosacral "outflow"
- acts as a control system
- it is exclusively motor in function
- most actions are involuntary
Answer: divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
-
Q61. Which pathway does not transmit efferent autonomic signals? ---
- Parasympathetic
- afferent neurons
- sympathetic neurons
- post-ganglionic neurons
- peripheral neurons.
Answer: Parasympathetic
-
Q62. Which most correctly describes cells of the adrenal medullae? ---
- modified postganglionic neurons
- mainly cholinergic
- not derived from neural crest
- contain chromium,
- afferent neurons
Answer: modified postganglionic neurons
-
Q63. Which neurons may represent majority of parasympathetic outflow? ---
- pelvic nerves
- lumbar nerves
- cranial nerve IX
- postganglionic neurons
- Cranial nerve X
Answer: pelvic nerves
-
Q64. Immediate effects of sympathetic stimulation include increase in the following, except
- can also be integrated at the brain s
- simple muscle touch
- direct nervous stimulation through rapid type I fibers
- shortening the muscle in which it is located
- stimulation of the efferent fibers to the non contractile mid portion of the spindle 23) Spinal reflexes
Answer: can also be integrated at the brain s