51 clinical MCQs in Physiology. Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? —. Kenya, Africa and global revision.
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Q1. Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? ---
- Emotions
- Memory
- Learning
- Movement
- All of the above
Answer: Emotions
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Q2. The barrier between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system is the ---
- Vertebral bones
- Skull
- Pia mater
- Dura mater
- Blood vessel walls
Answer: Vertebral bones
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Q3. The part of the nervous system found in the gastrointestinal tract is the ---
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Somatic motor system
- Enteric nervous system
- Somatic sensory system
Answer: Sympathetic nervous system
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Q4. How many divisions are there of the nervous system? ---
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Q5. The output of a nerve cell goes through the ---
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Synapse
- Apical dendrites
- Axon
Answer: Dendrites
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Q6. The main input zone of the nerve cell is ---
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Synapse
- Ion channels
- Axon
Answer: Dendrites
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Q7. Which of the following is not a function of the glial cells of the nervous system? ---
- Chillies taste
- Umani
- Sour
- Sweet
- Salty
Answer: Chillies taste
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Q8. For the sense of taste ---
- Taste discrimination depends to a small extent on the location of the receptor in the tongue
- Receptors have no cilia at their terminals
- The brain does not use the somatosensory cortex and the insular cortex for the central analysis of types of tastes
- Dilute solutions of substances that have different tastes show that the tongue is equally sensitive to all tastes in all its regions
- Half of taste receptor cells occur outside the taste buds
Answer: Taste discrimination depends to a small extent on the location of the receptor in the tongue
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Q9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of life? ---
- Respiration
- Irritability
- Growth
- Immunity
- Reproduction
Answer: Respiration
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Q10. The most essential characteristic for an entity to be termed 'living' is ---
- Movement
- Nutrition
- Respiration
- Reproduction
- none of the above
Answer: Movement
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Q11. The maintenance of internal environment within physiological limits is termed ---
- Hemostasis
- Homeostasis
- Homeodynamism
- & b.
- & c.
Answer: Hemostasis
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Q12. Which statement best describes 'internal environment'? ---
- The conditions within the cells
- The conditions in the interstitium
- The conditions within the body
- The conditions within the abdomen
- The conditions within the intravascular compartment
Answer: The conditions within the cells
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Q13. The interstitial body fluid compartments size in an adult male is ---
- 42 litres
- 28 litres
- 14 litres
- 10 litres
- 4 litres
Answer: 42 litres
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Q14. Osmolality of a solution is expressed in ---
- Osmoles per Litre of solution
- Osmoles in meq. /Kg of solute.
- mmols per Litre of solvent
- Osmoles per Kg of solvent
- Any of the above as long as it is corrected for pressure and temperature
Answer: Osmoles per Litre of solution
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Q15. The following fluid prepared for correcting dehydration is isotonic to plasma ---
- Distilled water
- 2.5 % Dextrose
- 10% Dextrose
- 0.9% Saline
- 20 % NaCl solution
Answer: Distilled water
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Q16. Which of the following cells is strictly eukaryotic? ---
- Polio virus
- Bacterium E. Coli
- Mature sheep RBC
- Human hepatocyte
- Human thrombocyte
Answer: Polio virus
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Q17. An example of enucleated cell is ---
- Syncytial muscle cells
- Giant cells of Langerhans
- Mature Red Blood Cell
- Reticulocyte
- Oocyte
Answer: Syncytial muscle cells
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Q18. Of the 100 trillion cells that make up the human body, the proportion whose function is to carry oxygen throughout the body is ---
- Less than 10%
- About 15%
- About 25%
- About 50%
- Not affected by the altitude of habitation
Answer: Less than 10%
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Q19. One mole of any substance ---
- Contains the same number of ions as any other mole of substance when dissolved in water
- Occupies equal space when in gaseous state
- Is the gram-molecular weight of the substance divided by its valence
- Consists of 6 x 10²³ molecules
- Can only be expressed for the substance in soluble state
Answer: Contains the same number of ions as any other mole of substance when dissolved in water
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Q20. The ratio of Red blood cells to White blood cells in circulation is ---
- 4:1
- 10:1
- Gender based
- 700:1
- 1,600:1
Answer: 4:1
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Q21. The nucleotide sequence that codes for start of protein synthesis is ---
- ATAATA or TATA box
- AUGG or UAAG
- The poly A sequence
- Basal promoter region or CAAT
- Totally different for each protein
Answer: ATAATA or TATA box
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Q22. Pyrimidines ---
- Are mainly obtained from animal protein-rich diet
- Include Cytosine, Guanine in DNA and Uracil, Guanine in RNA
- Include Thymine, Cytosine in DNA and Uracil, Cytosine in RNA
- Combine with sugar Ribose to form nucleotides
- Are broken down to uric acid for excretion
Answer: Are mainly obtained from animal protein-rich diet
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Q23. The human genome ---
- Comprises of a total of 50 million genes
- Is made up of 30,000 genes
- Is composed of $3 \times 10^6$ nucleic base pairs
- Experiences only negative modification (mutation) when changes occur at meiosis
- Has a capacity to transcript about 2 times it's number in messenger RNAs
Answer: Comprises of a total of 50 million genes
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Q24. The self-spliceosomes that effect posttranscriptional modification of the mRNA are ---
- Protein kinases
- Glycopeptides
- RNA complexes
- Triads of nucleic base pairs
- Transcription factors
Answer: Protein kinases
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Q25. Cell membranes ---
- Have a protein to lipid ratio of 50:50 in reference to molecular composition
- Contain many carbohydrate molecules
- Are freely permeable to electrolytes but not to proteins
- Have variable protein and lipid content depending on their location in the cell
- Have a stable composition throughout the life of the cell
Answer: Have a protein to lipid ratio of 50:50 in reference to molecular composition
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Q26. The Golgi complex ---
- Is an organelle that participates in the breakdown of proteins and lipids
- Is an organelle that participates in posttranslational processing of proteins
- Is an organelle that participates in energy production
- Is an organelle that participates in transcription and translation
- Is a subcellular compartment that stores proteins for trafficking to the nucleus
Answer: Is an organelle that participates in the breakdown of proteins and lipids
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Q27. Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm mainly synthesize ---
- Neurotransmitters that are destined for packaging into secretory granules
- Cholesterol and steroids
- Structural proteins for unit membranes and lysosomal enzymes
- Free proteins of the cytoplasm such as albumin and immunoglobulins
- Signal Recognition Peptides for destination tagging of proteins
Answer: Neurotransmitters that are destined for packaging into secretory granules
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Q28. The following is true about peroxisomes except ---
- They are functionally related to lysosomes
- They are formed by both self-replication and budding off from the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Oxidases and catalase are their major enzymes
- They mainly contain hydrolases and dehydrogenases
- They detoxify alcohol in liver cells
Answer: They are functionally related to lysosomes
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Q29. Non-constitutive exocytosis ---
- Involves secreting fully processed substances where no further change occurs during transport
- Implies processing of the preprotein continues within the vesicle during the transport of the vesicle
- Is also referred to as the non-regulated pathway
- Only occurs in excretion of fats and neurotransmitters
- Is not Ca2+-dependent
Answer: Involves secreting fully processed substances where no further change occurs during transport
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Q30. Origin of lysosomes is ---
- Nucleolus
- Budding off the plasma membrane
- Granular endoplasmic reticulum
- Microtubular Organizing Centre (MOTC)
- Budding off Golgi Apparatus
Answer: Nucleolus
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Q31. During glycolysis and subsequent oxidative phosphorylation of one molecule of glucose to synthesize ATP in the cell ---
- Glycolysis alone yields half the total number of ATP's produced
- The high energy compound that enters the mitochondrion after glycolysis is Lactic Acid
- The main enzyme that mediates ATP synthesis in the matrix is Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- 30 ATPs arise from oxidation of the 24 Hydrogen atoms generated during the early stages of glucose degradation
- The total energy yield is 48 ATPs
Answer: Glycolysis alone yields half the total number of ATP's produced
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Q32. During the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, the essential role of the Oxaloacetate is ---
- To release a 2 Carbon unit into the recycled Succinyl-CoA to be subsequently oxidized
- To combine with a 2-Carbon unit entering the mitochondrion to regenerate the 6-Carbon Citrate
- That of supplying energy by absorbing free electrons from the intracristal space.
- To undergo oxidation releasing a molecule CO2 into the matrix space
- To accept a H+ ion from the redox agent FADH
Answer: To release a 2 Carbon unit into the recycled Succinyl-CoA to be subsequently oxidized
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Q33. The NADPH produced during the Pentose Phosphate Pathway rather than NADH is useful for ---
- Increasing activity of free Oxygen radicals in the mitochondria
- Synthesizing essential amino acids
- Synthesizing fatty acids
- Direct generation of energy when oxidized in the cell
- Catalyzing water formation in the matrix.
Answer: Increasing activity of free Oxygen radicals in the mitochondria
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Q34. Mitochondrial disease generally refers to deficiency of ---
- Porins on the inner mitochondrial membrane
- Receptors Acetyl-CoA
- Muscle Creatinine Phosphorylase
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
- $\beta$-Glycosidases
Answer: Porins on the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Q35. The organelle that is capable of self-replication on demand is ---
- Nucleolus
- Golgi Apparatus
- Peroxisome
- Ribosome
- Lysosome
Answer: Nucleolus
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Q36. The most commonly synthesized protein in human cells is ---
- Albumin
- Gamma-Globulin
- Insulin
- Myosin
- Actin
Answer: Albumin
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Q37. The enzyme that initiates the process of protein synthesis is ---
- Nuclease
- Transcriptase
- Reverse transcriptase
- Helicase
- RNA polymerase
Answer: Nuclease
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Q38. The following unit of measurement would be appropriate ---
- Milliequivalents per Liter for glucose concentration
- Osmoles per Liter for Sodium Bicarbonate amount
- Armstrong units to express x 10-10 fraction in reference to volume
- Femtoliters for cell volume
- Micrometers for diameter of microtubules
Answer: Milliequivalents per Liter for glucose concentration
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Q39. Normal saline solution contains ---
- same amount of Cl- ions as a 1.0 N HCL solution
- 0.9 g of NaCl per Litre
- 4.5 g of NaCl per 500ml
- 9 g per deciliter
- 5% dextrose in NaCl solution
Answer: same amount of Cl- ions as a 1.0 N HCL solution
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Q40. Osmolal concentration ---
- is measured directly by calculating actual number of osmetically active ions in solution
- refers to change in freezing point of solvent caused by amount of solute in grams per Kilogram of solution
- refers to change in freezing point of solution caused by solute in mI per Liter of solution
- is expressed using the same parameters as osmolar concentration
- of plasma is equal to that of distilled water
Answer: is measured directly by calculating actual number of osmetically active ions in solution
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Q41. BMI for a physiological normal man approximates ---
- weight for height for age
- height per weight per girth
- weight for surface area
- a value of 32
- that of a 40 year old, 80 Kg, 1.3 M tall lady
Answer: weight for height for age
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Q42. Out of the 100 trillion cells that make up the human body ---
- over 50% carry out neurotransmission
- 75% are of maternal origin
- 25% are for transporting oxygen from lungs to the tissues
- over 70% carry nonsense or noncoding DNA and are never utilized
- more than 20% are capable of carrying out both mitosis and meiosis
Answer: over 50% carry out neurotransmission
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Q43. The following processes occur during protein synthesis except ---
- Transcription.
- DNA translocation.
- Translation.
- RNA translocation.
- t-RNA activation.
Answer: Transcription.
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Q44. The mitochondria very likely perform the following tasks except ---
- oxidative phosphorylation.
- Steroid synthesis.
- Regulate membrane potential.
- hormone packaging.
- Calcium signaling.
Answer: oxidative phosphorylation.
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Q45. The major components of the nervous system do not include ---
- An input or sensory system
- And output or motor system
- A central integration system
- The autonomic nervous system
- The cerebrospinal system
Answer: An input or sensory system
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Q46. Sensory receptors ---
- Are not classified by the sensory modalities which they are sensitive to
- Do not act as transducers
- Are not present in deep tissues
- For smell (the olfactory receptors) are actual nerve cell
- For touch and pressure in the skin all have the same morphology
Answer: Are not classified by the sensory modalities which they are sensitive to
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Q47. All the following except one are advantages of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in glucose metabolism to produce ATP. Select the one ---
- It takes place in both cytoplasm and mitochondria allowing more space
- It continues at normal rate even in anaerobic conditions
- The NADPH it yields rather than NADH can be used to synthesize fatty acid chains from acetyl co-A of glucose origin
- It yields Pentose Phosphates that can be used to synthesize nucleotides and diphosphoglycerates
- Provides NADPH which takes part in antioxidant process
Answer: It takes place in both cytoplasm and mitochondria allowing more space
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Q48. The enzyme that is deficient in McArdle's Disease is ---
- Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Protein Kinase
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex I
- ATP Synthetase
- Muscle Creatinine Phosphorylase
Answer: Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase
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Q49. The cholesterol associated with cell membranes ---
- is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
- helps to stabilize the cell membrane at higher or lower temperature.
- is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol.
- makes the cell membrane fluid at room temperature.
- None of the choices are correct
Answer: is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell.
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Q50. When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. (This statement is true.) As a result of this, that cell would be expected to ---
- undergo self-digestion and die.
- recycle damaged organelles.
- produce additional ER.
- undergo cell division.
- produce replacement lysosomes.
Answer: undergo self-digestion and die.
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Q51. Insulin is a protein that is produced by certain pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. (This is true.). Which of the following choices best describes the route of insulin from its production to its exit from the cell?
- rough ER, transport vesicles, cell membrane
- rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane
- rough ER, lysosomes, transport vesicles, cell membrane
- rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, cell membrane
- Golgi apparatus, rough ER, Smooth ER --- Source: physiology/questions/mid sem 2019.pdf.
Answer: rough ER, transport vesicles, cell membrane