Trauma
Fat embolism and distant trauma are also indirect, so the question is weak.
What our notes say
- Fat embolism and distant trauma are also indirect, so the question is weak. (Internal Medicine Respiratory CAT 1: 30 MCQs and 5 short answer questions)
- Trauma- and stressor-related: PTSD, acute stress reaction, adjustment disorder. (Classification of Mental Disorders)
- Psychological: personality and temperament, thinking style (for example catastrophising), coping, attachment and early experience, self-esteem, beliefs, past trauma, learned behaviour. (Biopsychosocial Formulation)
- | Predisposing | Make a person vulnerable over the long term | *Why this person?* | Family history, childhood trauma, anxious temperament | (Biopsychosocial Formulation)
- Endothelial injury (trauma, surgery, central lines, previous DVT, inflammation). (DVT and Venous Thromboembolism (with Pulmonary Embolism))
- Provoked: recent surgery (hip and knee, abdominal, pelvic), trauma or fracture, immobility (bed rest, long travel, stroke), hospitalisation, cancer and chemotherapy, pregnancy and the postpartum period, oestrogen (combined pill, HRT), central venous catheter. (DVT and Venous Thromboembolism (with Pulmonary Embolism))
Study material on Trauma
- CNS Trauma Neuropathology: Fractures, Concussion & CTE
- Neuropathology Essentials: Edema, Hydrocephalus, Brain Herniation
- Examination of Respiratory system
- Junior Clerkship in Reproductive Health II CAT — October 2022
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders II: ADHD and Disruptive Behaviour
- Surgery Question Bank: 12 Clinical MCQs
- Hematologic Malignancies and Bleeding Disorders
- Internal Medicine Respiratory CAT 1: 30 MCQs and 5 short answer questions
- Breast mcqs
- CNS PATHOLOGY
Images
Practice questions on Trauma
A 17-year-old truck driver is involved in a collision. He incurs blunt force abdominal trauma. In response to this injury, cells in tissues of the abdomen are stimulated to enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle from the G0 phase. Which of the following cell types is most likely to remain in G0 following this injury?
- Smooth muscle
- Endothelium
- Skeletal muscle
- Fibroblast
- Hepatocyte
Answer: C. Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells do not typically proliferate in response to injury, and necrotic cells are replaced by connective tissue. Remaining striated muscle cells, however, can undergo hypertrophy. ---
A research study examines cellular responses to tissue necrosis from various causes including ischemia, trauma, and chemical injury. Which sensor mechanism is responsible for detecting damaged cells regardless of the cause of injury?
- Mannose-binding lectin recognizing microbial sugars
- TLR-4 detecting lipopolysaccharide
- NOD-like receptors detecting uric acid and ATP
- Complement C3b opsonizing cellular debris
- Scavenger receptors binding oxidized LDL
Answer: C. NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic receptors that recognize diverse molecules released from damaged cells, making them the universal sensors of cell damage. These include uric acid (DNA breakdown product), ATP (from damaged mitochondria), reduced intracellular K+ (from membrane injury), and cytoplasmic DNA. NLRs activate the inflammasome, which produces IL-1, triggering inflammation. The other options are more s
A fluctuant bluish swelling on the lower lip following trauma is most consistent with:
- Ranula
- Mucocele
- Dentigerous cyst
- Ameloblastoma
- Pyogenic granuloma ✅ Answer: B
Answer: A. A mucocele is a common lesion of the oral mucosa caused by rupture of a salivary gland duct and spillage of mucin into the surrounding soft tissues, often presenting as a fluctuant, bluish swelling after trauma.
A 9-year-old boy develops painful swelling of his right knee after minor trauma. His maternal uncle has a similar condition. PT normal. PTT prolonged. Factor IX activity is 3%. Most likely diagnosis?
- Glanzmann thrombasthenia
- Von Willebrand disease
- Hemophilia A
- Hemophilia B
Answer: D. Hemarthrosis after minor trauma + X-linked inheritance + prolonged PTT + severely reduced factor IX = hemophilia B (Christmas disease). Clinically identical to hemophilia A but caused by factor IX deficiency. ---
A trauma patient: ABG: pH 7.10, PaCO₂ 35 mmHg, HCO₃⁻ 10 mmol/L. Using Winter's formula, expected PaCO₂ for this HCO₃⁻ is approximately? (choose closest)
- 23 mmHg
- 35 mmHg
- 50 mmHg
- 17 mmHg
- 41 mmHg
Answer: A. ** Winter's formula: Expected PaCO₂ = 1.5(10) + 8 = 23 ± 2 (21-25 mmHg). The actual PaCO₂ of 35 is higher than expected, suggesting inadequate respiratory compensation or a mixed disorder with respiratory acidosis component. ---
A 20-year-old healthy man undergoes splenectomy after blunt abdominal trauma causes a splenic hematoma. Following splenectomy, which peripheral blood morphologic finding is most likely to appear?
- Tear drop cells
- Elliptocytes
- Target cells
- RBC inclusions
Answer: D. After splenectomy, the spleen can no longer remove RBC inclusions such as Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants) and Pappenheimer bodies (iron granules). These inclusions appear in circulating RBCs because the filtering function of the spleen is lost. ---