Kidney
| Excretion | Mainly by the kidney (lithium is excreted unchanged) or bile. | In kidney disease lithium accumulates and becomes toxic. |
What our notes say
- | Excretion | Mainly by the kidney (lithium is excreted unchanged) or bile. | In kidney disease lithium accumulates and becomes toxic. | (Introduction to Psychopharmacology)
- | Carboplatin | Platinum chemotherapy | Used when kidney function is poor or cisplatin is not tolerated | Low platelets and white cells | (Lung Cancer)
- Narrow therapeutic index: measure blood levels about 12 hours after the last dose, and check kidney function, thyroid function and calcium. (Introduction to Psychopharmacology)
- Routine tests to confirm or rule out medical conditions, prescribed medicines or illicit drug use as causes of psychiatric conditions: complete blood count, urine toxicology, kidney and liver function, thyroid function and autoimmune tests. (Psychiatry and Mental Health Curriculum: Year 4 (MKU))
- Complete blood count, urine toxicology, kidney and liver function tests, thyroid function tests and autoimmune tests, with imaging such as CT scan, MRI, EEG and ECG where needed. (Psychiatry and Mental Health Curriculum: Year 4 (MKU))
- Side effects: tremor, thirst and polyuria (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), weight gain, hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia (hyperparathyroidism), GI upset, chronic kidney disease. (Bipolar and Related Disorders)
Study material on Kidney
- Acute kidney injury
- KIDNEY FUNCTION TESTS & GASTRIC FUNCTION
- renal pathology
- Renal Vascular Diseases: Nephrosclerosis & Renal Artery Stenosis
- Urinary Tract Obstruction & Hydronephrosis: Causes, Symptoms
- Endocrine & Renal Pathology — Must Know Notes
- Chemical Pathology MCQs: Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine & Renal
- CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LAQs & SAQs
- Endocrine & Renal Pathology
- Internal Medicine (MBIM 4100) special/supplementary exam, Paper Two: 14 August 2019
- Chemical Pathology MCQs
- END YEAR PP1 & PP2 2025 Physiology: MCQs for Medical School Exams
- Abdomen and Pelvis Anatomy MCQs
- ANATOMY MCQs
- ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS MCQs
- Respiratory System Pathology 1A — Practice Questions
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Practice questions on Kidney
A kidney transplant patient develops a nosocomial systemic candidiasis. The causative organism, Candida glabrata, is found to be resistant to fluconazole. Which of the following would be a reasonable oral alternative therapy?
- Posaconazole
- Nystatin
- Griseofulvin
- Itraconazole
Answer: A. Posaconazole retains activity against many fluconazole-resistant Candida species, including Candida glabrata, making it a reasonable oral alternative.
A 57-year-old man has had blood pressure measurements in the range of 160/95 to 180/110 mm Hg for many years. He has taken no medications. A renal scan reveals kidneys of normal size for age. These findings with benign nephrosclerosis are most likely to occur with which of the following vascular changes?
- Hyaline arteriolosclerosis
- Monckeberg's medial calcific sclerosis
- Complex calcified atherosclerosis
- Arterial mural thrombosis
- Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
Answer: A. Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is a feature of long-standing hypertension and is part of benign nephrosclerosis which may go on for many years with no complications. The small arterioles are thickened with pink (hyaline) proteinaceous deposits. ---
Drugs excreted unchanged by kidney tend to be:
- Highly water soluble
- Administered intramuscularly
- Highly lipid soluble
- Highly protein bound
Answer: A. Water-soluble (polar) drugs cannot be reabsorbed from renal tubules and are excreted unchanged. Lipid-soluble drugs are reabsorbed or metabolized first. ---
A kidney transplant patient develops nosocomial systemic candidiasis. Candida glabrata is isolated and found to be resistant to fluconazole. Which of the following would be a reasonable oral alternative?
- Nystatin
- Fluconazole
- Posaconazole
- Griseofulvin
Answer: C. Posaconazole often retains activity against Candida species that are resistant to fluconazole, making it a suitable oral alternative in such cases.
A kidney transplant patient develops a nosocomial systemic candidiasis. The isolated Candida glabrata is resistant to fluconazole. Which of the following would be a reasonable oral alternative?
- Itraconazole
- Voriconazole
- Posaconazole
- Fluconazole
Answer: C. Posaconazole often retains activity against Candida species that are resistant to fluconazole, making it a suitable oral alternative in this scenario.
A kidney transplant patient develops nosocomial systemic candidiasis. The isolated Candida glabrata is resistant to fluconazole. Which of the following would be a reasonable oral alternative?
- Fluconazole
- Voriconazole
- Posaconazole
- Nystatin
Answer: C. Posaconazole retains activity against many strains of fluconazole-resistant Candida, including Candida glabrata. Voriconazole is also an option, but posaconazole is often preferred for oral maintenance therapy in such cases.