Leukemia
Cause of leukemia is unknown but risk factors associated with it inc
What our notes say
- Cause of leukemia is unknown but risk factors associated with it inc (INTERNAL MEDICINE)
- leukemia) and normokalemia may have a low mea- The TTKG is the ratio of the K+ concentration in the (Harrisons Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine)
- The latter gradually contracts and\nmelanoma, lymphoma, and leukemia) to the pericar- forms a firm scar, which may be calcified, encasing the\ndium; pain, atrial arrhythmias, and tamponade are com- heart and interfering with filling of the ventricles. (Harrisons Cardiovascular Medicine 2nd Edition 2)
- Targeted agents – ATRA for acute promyelocytic leukemia; arsenic trioxide for same; FLT3 inhibitors for FLT3‑mutated AML; BCR‑ABL TKIs for Ph‑positive ALL/CML. (Leukaemias)
- *Answer*: “7 + 3” induction (anthracycline + cytarabine) plus ATRA because of Auer rods suggesting acute promyelocytic leukemia. (Leukaemias)
- | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Lymphocytosis, splenomegaly | Peripheral smear shows smudge cells; immunophenotype CD5+, CD23+; no significant bone lesions. | (Multiple myeloma)
Study material on Leukemia
- Leukemia
- The Leukaemias
- Harrisons Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- BABY NELSON PEADS
- Hematopathology
- Haematology MCQs
- Here are all 45 questions, complete with full stems, choices, and answers. — Study Notes
- Kaplan Pediatrics pdf-notes 201506051322 - flattened (2)
- Medical MCQs: Chemical Pathology & Haematology Exam Review — MCQ Bank
- Anemia
- Haematology Exam MCQs: Anemia, Leukemia, Coagulation Prep — Hematopathology III
- Dr. Orata Haematology: 108 Past-Paper MCQs
- Haematology MCQs: Test Your Knowledge on Blood Disorders
- Haematopathology MCQs: Blood Disorders, Lymphoma & Anemia
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Practice questions on Leukemia
A 45-year-old woman develops chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Cytogenetic analysis reveals a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. The resultant fusion gene codes for a protein with which abnormal activity?
- Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity
- Constitutive activation of tyrosine kinase activity
- Inhibition of serine/threonine kinase activity
- Constitutive activation of serine/threonine kinase activity
Answer: B. The translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 creates the Philadelphia chromosome, resulting in the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This fusion gene encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, which drives the uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid cells seen in CML.
A 45-year-old woman with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is found to have a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. The resultant fusion gene codes for a protein with which abnormal activity?
- Inhibition of apoptosis
- Decreased DNA repair
- Constitutive tyrosine kinase activity
- Autocrine growth factor production
Answer: C. The Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22)) in CML results in the fusion of the BCR and ABL genes, creating the BCR-ABL fusion gene. This gene encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that drives uncontrolled cell proliferation, a hallmark of CML.
What is the increased risk of acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome?
- 2- to 5-fold
- 20- to 30-fold
- Occurs only after chronic exposure
- 10- to 20-fold
- 5- to 10-fold
Answer: D. Children with trisomy 21 have a 10- to 20-fold increased risk of developing acute leukemia, including both acute lymphoblastic leukemias and acute myeloid leukemias.
In chronic myeloid leukemia, the BCR-ABL fusion protein drives malignancy primarily by
- Enhancing DNA repair mechanisms
- Increasing p53-mediated apoptosis
- Constitutive tyrosine kinase activity without regulation
- Blocking cyclin D synthesis
Answer: C. The BCR-ABL fusion results from t(9;22) translocation and causes loss of the regulatory region controlling tyrosine kinase activity, leading to continuous mitogenic signaling.
Most common presenting symptom in acute leukemia?
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Bleeding
- Bone pain
- Lymphadenopathy
Answer: A. Caused by marrow failure leading to anemia.
Characteristic immunophenotype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
- CD15+, CD30+
- CD10+, CD19+
- CD56+, CD16+
- CD103+, CD25+
- CD5+, CD23+
Answer: E. This co-expression pattern (with CD19) is classic for CLL.