Anemia
Their bites are painful and cause significant blood loss with repeated/heavy exposure, contributing to anemia in livestock and occasionally humans.
Anemia
- Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells, which leads to reduced oxygen transport throughout the body. The causes of anemia can be multifactorial, including nutrient deficiencies, autoi
Read this in Blood Biochemistry
What our notes say
- Their bites are painful and cause significant blood loss with repeated/heavy exposure, contributing to anemia in livestock and occasionally humans. (Bacteriology and Entomology Supplementary Exam)
- There is chronic anemia, because the major hemoglobin A1 is produced insufficiently. (hematopathology — Past Paper Questions & Answers)
- A 28-year-old woman on a zidovudine-based ART regimen develops symptomatic macrocytic anemia (MCV 110 FL). (HEMATOLOGY EOY 2025 — Past Paper Questions & Answers)
- a) Describe the mechanisms of zidovudine-induced anemia, (HEMATOLOGY EOY 2025 — Past Paper Questions & Answers)
- For the past 3 months, she has been taking supplemental dietary iron for iron deficiency anemia. (Female system — Past Paper Questions & Answers)
- Papillary necrosis may also be seen with analgesic abuse nephropathy, with sickle cell anemia, and with a severe acute pyelonephritis. (renal pathology — Past Paper Questions & Answers)
Study material on Anemia
- Haematopathology MCQs: Blood Disorders & Anemia Explained
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- hematopathology
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- Here are all 45 questions, complete with full stems, choices, and answers.
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Practice questions on Anemia
A 22-year-old woman has a congenital anemia. She has required multiple transfusions of red blood cells for many years. She now has a darker bronze colour to her skin on physical examination. Which of the following microscopic findings would most likely present in her liver?
- Steatosis in hepatocytes
- Bilirubin in canaliculi
- Hemosiderin in hepatocytes
- Glycogen in hepatocytes
- Amyloid in portal triads
Answer: C. There is 250 mg of iron in each unit of blood. The body has no mechanism for getting rid of excess iron. A small amount of iron is lost with normal desquamation of epithelia, and menstruating women will lose a bit more. The excess iron becomes storage iron, or hemosiderin. Over time, hemosiderosis involves more and more tissues of the body, particularly the liver, but also skin (bronze colour), heart (with heart fail
In a population, 4% have sickle cell anemia. What percentage is heterozygous (advantageous to malaria)?
- 16%
- 4%
- 8%
- 2%
- 32%
Answer: E. If q² = 0.04, then q = 0.2 and p = 0.8. Heterozygous frequency = 2pq = 2(0.8)(0.2) = 0.32 or 32%. ---
What selection type fits sickle cell anemia?
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive
- Directional
- None of the above
Answer: A. Sickle cell anemia represents balancing/stabilizing selection where heterozygotes have a survival advantage (malaria resistance) maintaining both alleles in the population. ---
In a certain group of African people, 4 percent are born with sickle cell anemia. What percentage of the group has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle cell anemia?
- 16%
- 32%
- 2%
- 4%
Answer: B. If 4% have sickle cell anemia (ss), then q² = 0.04, so q = 0.2 and p = 0.8. Heterozygotes (Ss) have malaria resistance: 2pq = 2(0.8)(0.2) = 0.32 = 32%. ---
Which selection type fits sickle cell anemia?
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive
- Directional
- None of the above
Answer: A. Sickle cell anemia shows balancing selection (a type of stabilizing selection) where heterozygotes have an advantage (malaria resistance) over both homozygotes. ---
Blood is drawn from a child with severe anemia and the hemoglobin protein is degraded for peptide and amino acid analysis. Of the results below, which change in hemoglobin primary structure is most likely to correlate with the clinical phenotype of anemia?
- Gly-asp-gly to gty-glu-gty
- Gly-ile-gly to gly-val-gly
- Leu-glu-ile to leu-val-ile
- Val-val-val to val-leu-val
- Ile-leu-val to ile-ile-val ✅ Answer: C. Leu-glu-ile to leu-val-ile
Answer: A. This substitution pattern (glutamate → valine) matches the classic sickle cell disease mutation at position 6 of the β-globin chain (HbS). ---