Types of
Also written as UVJ.
Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the accumulation of in the blood that causes needle-like crystals to form around the joints.
What our notes say
- Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the accumulation of in the blood that causes needle-like crystals to form around the joints. (Internal Medicine (MBIM 4100) special/supplementary exam, Paper Two: 14 August 2)
- The most common type of acute kidney injury in the inpatient setting is: (Internal Medicine (MBIM 4100) special/supplementary exam, Paper Two: 14 August 2)
- Metaplasia is a reversible adaptive change in the type of epithelium. (Year 4 Gynaecology CAT (MBOG 4212): 15 March 2019, 39 of 40 MCQs)
- Types of delusion: persecutory, grandiose, delusion of reference, jealousy (Othello), erotomanic, somatic, guilt, and nihilistic (Cotard). (Introduction to Psychopathology)
- The type of organisms that colonise the child's airway matters and plays a role in reducing lung health if not treated well (Paediatrics end of 2nd semester exam (MBPE 4300): 5 October 2021, 50 MCQs)
- Identify and describe the different types of Shigella (6 marks) (Internal Medicine CAT 1 (MBIM 6112), 2019/2020: gastroenterology and hepatology,)
Study material on Types of
- Devendra K. Gupta, Krishna M. Goel - Hutchison’s Paediatrics. chdhe-Jaypee Brothers (2012)
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Practice questions on Types of
A 55-year-old man with heart failure has a right-sided pleural effusion. Thoracentesis shows fluid protein of 2.1 g/dL, serum protein 7.0 g/dL, fluid LDH 88 U/L, and serum LDH 300 U/L. Most likely type of effusion?
- A. Exudate
- B. Chylothorax
- C. Hemothorax
- D. Transudate
Answer: D. Using Light's criteria: (1) Fluid protein/serum protein ratio (2.1/7.0 = 0.3) is <0.5. (2) Fluid LDH/serum LDH ratio (88/300 = 0.29) is <0.6. (3) Fluid LDH (88 U/L) is <2/3 the upper limit of normal for serum LDH (typically ~200 U/L, so 2/3 of 300 is 200). All criteria point to a transudate, consistent with heart failure.
A 48-year-old woman with breast cancer develops a right pleural effusion. Thoracentesis yields fluid protein of 5.2 g/dL, serum protein 6.8 g/dL, fluid LDH 420 U/L, and serum LDH 310 U/L. Cytology shows malignant cells. Most likely type of effusion?
- A. Transudate
- B. Exudate
- C. Parapneumonic effusion
- D. Empyema
Answer: B. Using Light's criteria: (1) Fluid protein/serum protein ratio (5.2/6.8 = 0.76) is >0.5. (2) Fluid LDH/serum LDH ratio (420/310 = 1.35) is >0.6. (3) Fluid LDH (420 U/L) is >2/3 the upper limit of normal for serum LDH (2/3 of 310 is ~207). All criteria point to an exudate, which is expected with malignancy.
A patient experiences an unexpected drop in hemoglobin and mild jaundice approximately 7 days after receiving a blood transfusion. A direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is positive. Which blood group system is most notoriously associated with this type of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?
- A. ABO system
- B. Rh system
- C. Kidd system
- D. Duffy system
Answer: C. The Kidd blood group system (Jka, Jkb antigens) is notoriously associated with delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. Antibodies to Kidd antigens (anti-Jka, anti-Jkb) are often weak or undetectable in pre-transfusion testing but can rapidly increase after re-exposure, leading to extravascular hemolysis typically 3-10 days post-transfusion.
A 70-year-old man with severe COPD has increasing drowsiness. ABG shows pH 7.28, PaO2 55 mmHg, PaCO2 72 mmHg, and HCO3 32 mEq/L. Most likely type of respiratory failure?
- Type I (hypoxemic)
- Type IV (shock)
- Type III (perfusion defect)
- Type II (hypercapnic)
Answer: D. The ABG shows both hypoxemia (PaO2 55 mmHg) and hypercapnia (PaCO2 72 mmHg) with respiratory acidosis (pH 7.28). However, the defining feature for Type II respiratory failure is the elevated PaCO2 leading to respiratory acidosis. While hypoxemia is present, it is a consequence of the impaired ventilation. The presence of significant hypercapnia and acidosis indicates Type II (hypercapnic) respiratory failure. The ele
8. Which type of sensation is most affected if the lesion is in the sensory cortex?
- Pain
- All of the above
- Proprioception
- Touch
Answer: B. The sensory cortex (somatosensory cortex) is responsible for processing all types of somatic sensations, including pain, touch, temperature, pressure, and proprioception (the sense of body position and movement). Therefore, a lesion in the sensory cortex would affect all these types of sensations.
4. There are several important differences between a chemical and an electrical synapse. Which of the following statements does NOT constitute a a difference between these two types of synapses?
- Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters, while electrical synapses do not.
- Electrical synapses transmit signals faster than chemical synapses.
- Chemical synapses are characterized by a synaptic cleft, while electrical synapses have a direct cytoplasmic connection.
- Chemical synapses allow for unidirectional transmission, while electrical synapses can be bidirectional.
Answer: D. While chemical synapses are typically unidirectional due to the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron and their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, electrical synapses, connected by gap junctions, can allow for bidirectional transmission of electrical signals.